  _____________________________________________________________
   * The reference links to the heritage of classical (craft) TRIZ presented above,
     give an idea of where this methodology began and how it was used.

6. SOFTWARE PACKAGE "MODIFIER",

      is intended for the analysis and search for solutions to inventive problems,
      problems and situations, and it is also a REFERENCE GUIDE to the TRIZ ecosystem
      a set of logical DEDUCTIVE, INDUCTIVE and other TEMPLATES used to clarify and
      eliminating the CONTRADICTION OF 2 OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS
      to the VALUE OF THE KEY PARAMETER in the ROOT CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP),
      SYSTEM ENGINEERING and some other COGNITIVE TECHNOLOGIES.

      The programs of the "MODIFIER" Package are built on the tools of TRIZ
      ("The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving" by Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller),
      some other cognitive technologies, methods of systems engineering.

6.1. FACTORS causing the need to CHANGE TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS in order to meet emerging new human needs.

      ● Intraspecific competition between people, communities of people, objects and groups of objects of flora, fauna, as well as between several autonomous systems of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (located in information interaction among themselves) generated by the struggle for limited intangible or material values (resources) on which the achievement of their goal, their viability, well-being may depend (Konstantin Kulikov).

      ● Necessity (need) of adaptation to changing conditions of the internal or external environment in humans, communities of people, objects and groups of objects of flora, fauna, as well as for some AI systems based on neural networks or automatic control devices (based on analog or digital logic) with appropriate detectors, structures for processing the incoming information flow and creating a control information flow for actuators.

      ● Curiosity is an unconscious desire for knowledge, inherent not only to humans, but also to many living beings.

      Curiosity - is an interest devoid of rational grain, but underlying any knowledge and being the root of desire for knowledge.

      Interest is a positively colored emotional process (according to the classification of A.N. Leontiev — feeling) associated with the need to learn something new about the object of interest, increased attention to it. It's interesting when something unexpected happens.

      Desire for knowledge leads beings who are aware of their rationality to knowledge (to unraveling various mysteries, riddles, puzzles, secrets, ...).

      Rationality (from Latin ratio - mind) is a term in the broadest sense meaning reasonableness, meaningfulness, the opposite of irrationality.

      Rational thinking is based on logical principles, blocking the influence of emotions, moods, all subjective forms of self-expression.

      Irrationality in logic is something that is beyond reason, contrary to logic.

      Usually contrasted with rationality as reasonable, expedient, justified.

      Irrationality in Jung's psychological typology is a class of functions of the human psyche that lie "beyond "mind" - feeling and intuition.

      6.2. LIMITATIONS OF AI SYSTEMS AND POTENTIAL POSSIBILITIES FOR OVERCOMING THEM.

      For AI systems, the state of "curiosity" (or "intellectual hunger", means the constant need to learn new things, self-education, knowledge of the world), when confronted with something that goes beyond the mastered knowledge (on which the neural network is trained) or contradictory ("mystery") to the established scientific paradigm, is not clearly defined.

      The neural network, in such cases, generates information (images, texts, speech, ...) that is far from common human sense, which reflects the real physical picture of the world, creating information by mixed parts of the acquired knowledge and is not able to go beyond this knowledge to create a different principle for the functioning of the new system.

      To overcome current limitations and form an adequate picture of the surrounding world in AI systems, it is necessary to change the principles of creating a deterministic architecture of AI systems to principles similar to biological (morphogenetic) ones.

      This implies the creation of non-deterministic SYNERGETIC (SELF-ORGANIZING) ANALOGUE COMPUTERS, capable of arbitrary (random) creation (as well as destruction of rarely used) neural connections, with their subsequent self-organization (synergy), under the influence of training factors, and these processes can occur in stages and continuously.

     And, further, to apply various systems of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES, to increase the level of creativity of AI systems built by analogy with biological principles of functioning - non-deterministic, morphogenetic, implementing arbitrary creation (as well as destruction of rarely used) neural connections, and their synergy (self-organization) under the influence of learning factors:

      ● Section 4: according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/: There are factors that significantly complicate the artificial modeling of the work of the human brain neocortex - these are high individual variability of a huge number of neural connections of the brain (morphogenetic basis of brain function), large sizes of certain morphofunctional fields, which contribute to the manifestation of genius in various spheres of human activity, many combinations of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators which affect the modulation of signals in synapses, etc.

      ● Section 4: according to Hermann Haken (1927-2024): a fundamental work of 1996, which examines models of biological SYNERGETIC (SELF-ORGANIZING) ANALOG COMPUTERS that process information on principles that differ from the principles of information processing in deterministic models of the architectures of existing computers.

      ● Section 5: Use the concept of thinking in complexes of L. Vygotsky and operational thinking of J. Piaget (a set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES).

      ● Section 6: Use TRIZ approaches (a set of logical DEDUCTIVE, INDUCTIVE and other TEMPLATES used to clarify and eliminate the CONTRADICTION OF 2 OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS to the VALUE OF THE KEY PARAMETER in the ROOT CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP).

      An AI system using TRIZ approaches, in a more detailed description, should:

      - Determine both static elements and dynamic elements - types of impacts, in the complex structure.
      Also, describe the set of parameters (properties) of these identified elements.

      - Identify `resources` in various complex structures - both their static elements and their dynamic elements - types of impacts, and, describe the set of parameters (properties) of the identified elements of `resources`:
      * `Resources` in the structure under study.
      * `Resources` in neighboring structures of the same level.
      * `Resources` in higher-level structures.
      * `Resources` in lower-level structures.
      * Functional `resources`, their derivatives and variations.

      - Analyze the complex structure under study, and virtually break it down into a set of (interrelated) sequentially and parallel functioning Elementary Cause-Effect Relationships (Elementary Systems), at the selected level consideration of the problem.

      - Determine the roles of both static and dynamic elements - types of impacts, within the Cause-Effect Relationships included in the resulting set.
              Subject║Impact (Cause)    ►    Object║Result (Consequence).

      - Select the final (`lying on the surface`) undesirable result (consequence) - in which one of the parameters of the Object in the final Cause-Effect Relationship takes on an unacceptable value.
      Next, determine and build in a chain the preceding Cause-Effect Relationships that lead to the final undesirable result (consequence).

      - In this chain, determine the Root Cause-Effect Relationship, in which the primary undesirable result (consequence) arises - in which one of the parameters of the Object of this Root Cause-Effect Relationship takes on an unacceptable value.

      - Determine the roles of both static and dynamic elements - types of impacts, in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship.
              Subject║Impact (Cause)    ►    Object║Result (Consequence).

      - Determine the Key Parameter of the Subject - this is one of the parameters of the Subject, on a certain value of which depends an undesirable result (consequence) in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship (at which one of the parameters of the Object takes an unacceptable value).

      - Determine the value of the Key Parameter of the Subject, at which the desired result (consequence) appears in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship, and this means that one of the parameters of the Object, determined earlier, takes the value necessary for the calculated (positive) functioning Root Cause-Effect Relationship.

      - These 2 values of the Key Parameter of the Subject correspond to 2 opposite requirements of the stakeholders, leading to a desirable and undesirable result in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship, or to a desirable and undesirable change in the value of the above-defined parameter of the Object.

      - Virtually invert the value of the Key Parameter of the Subject, which corresponds to an undesirable result in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship, thereby, virtually, the result changes to the opposite - the desired result, or, at least, neutral.
      - Virtual inversion of the value of the Key Parameter of the Subject, which initially corresponded to the undesirable result in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship, allows us to understand how it is necessary to change the Subject (using a set of logical deductive, inductive and other TEMPLATES).
      For this, most often, an `X-element` is introduced (a Subject-modifier selected from `resources` (this can be a substance, physical impact, physical field, method, ...)), which modifies the Subject, eliminating or at least neutralizing the undesirable result in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship (eliminates the contradiction of requirements stakeholders).

      - The second option for eliminating the `contradiction of requirements` of stakeholders is to reformat the task with the setting of a new goal, which eliminates the need to achieve the old goal (transition to a higher-level structure, or, conversely, transition to a lower-level structure).

      A conflict process in the TECHNICAL (physical) areas is understood as:
      A conflict process, at the selected level of research, based on the CONTRADICTION (INCONSISTENCY) OF 2 OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS (or the researcher), to the VALUE OF THE KEY PARAMETER OF THE SUBJECT in the ROOT CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP (`Root Elementary System` (RES)).

      A conflict process in NOT TECHNICAL (social, psychological, managerial, ...) areas is understood as:
      A conflict process, at the selected level of research, based on the CONTRADICTION (INCONSISTENCY) OF 2 OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS (or parties to the conflict process) to the VALUE OF THE KEY PARAMETER OF THE SUBJECT in the ROOT CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP.

      Perhaps the combination of the above technologies in AI systems can make the hypothesis of technological singularity, called the “intelligence explosion” of the British mathematician and cosmologist Irving Good, real.

     6.3. CONTRADICTION (INCONSISTENCY) OF 2 OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS TO THE VALUE OF THE KEY PARAMETER OF THE SUBJECT IN THE ROOT CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP OF A COMPLEX SYSTEM, at the selected level of research.

6.3.1. `STAKEHOLDERS` (`Interested Parties`).

Competing `stakeholders` form different requirements for new technical or non-technical systems.

`Stakeholders` can be markets, customers, consumers, requirements for compliance with legal, environmental, etc. laws, ....

Such an evolution of systems can be both creative and destructive in relation to different `stakeholders`.

The successful introduction of a new technical or non-technical system into the daily activities of the company takes place along the path of least resistance (the balance of interests of the `stakeholders` is almost not violated and in this case the implementation costs are minimal).

Artificial, forcible introduction of a new system into the daily activities of society entails large costs, losses of various kinds to overcome this resistance and it does not guarantee a long life cycle of the new system.

In new, changed environmental or internal conditions of a technical or non-technical system, technical and other requirements of `stakeholders` for a new system can be formed through parameter values (higher or lower; more optimally measured or stabilized), different from the values of the parameters of the aging system:
pressure, vacuum, temperature, vibration, sound, speeds, rpm, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field radiation of various frequencies, charged particle fluxes, profitability and labor productivity, sales of goods and services, logistics, process manageability, operational safety, etc..

      6.3.2. CONTRADICTION (INCONFORMITY) OF REQUIREMENTS.

      CONTRADICTION (INCONFORMITY) OF REQUIREMENTS are OPPOSITE REQUIREMENTS of a person or a human community to the value of a specific Key Parameter (KP), in the root CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP (the root ELEMENTARY SYSTEM, which is part of the COMPLEX SYSTEM under study).

      Contradictions in requirements may arise on the way to implementing a project of a new (possibly optimization of an old) technical or non-technical system, and they are not a driving factor, but a restraining factor, since when resolving them it is not always possible to do without compromises. (Konstantin Kulikov).

      The main feature of inventive problems and situations is the presence of a CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) REQUIREMENTS in the system, which can be eliminated by TRIZ.
      Predicting a CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) REQUIREMENTS - is a prediction of the possibility of a CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) REQUIREMENTS in the system and the consequences of its possible development.

      A forecast is a representation of a future CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) REQUIREMENTS in a system with a certain probability of indicating the place and time of its occurrence.

      Forecasting is used for systems of natural and artificial origin. For systems of artificial origin, forecasting is used most often at the stages planning, of design, testing, as well as in the event of abnormal or emergency situations. (Forecast (from Greek. πργγνωση "foresight, prediction)).

      Prevention of CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) REQUIREMENTS - is an activity aimed at preventing its occurrence and destructive influence on the elements included in the system.
      The creator of TRIZ - G.S. Altshuller gives the following definition of contradiction of requirements in technical systems: "A technical contradiction of requirements is called INTERACTION (note - "interaction") in a system, consisting, for example, in the fact that a useful action SIMULTANEOUSLY causes a harmful action."

      "A technical contradiction REQUIREMENTS is called INTERACTION (note -"interaction") in a system, which consists, for example, in the fact that a useful action causes SIMULTANEOUSLY a harmful action." CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) arises in the system during the interaction of its parts, when the same action of Subject 1 is useful for Object 1 (or Process 1) and harmful for Object 2 (or Process 2).

      Part 01. contradictions REQUIREMENTS: 'DESIRED ACTION', useful function: What makes Subject 1 useful for Object 1 (or Process 1)?

      What does Subject 1 do for Object 1 (or Process 1) that is useful?

      Part 02. contradictions REQUIREMENTS: 'UNWANTED ACTION', harmful function, opposite function, anti-action: What does Subject 1 do for Object 2 (or Process 2) harmful?

      What does Subject 1 do to Object 2 (or Process 2) that is harmful?

      (If there are CONTRADICTIONS (CONFLICTS) REQUIREMENTS, then there must be 'TOOLS' to resolve them.)

      6.4. TERMINOLOGY.

      A subject in philosophy is a bearer of an action, one who (or what) cognizes, thinks or acts, as opposed to an object (as what the subject's thought or action is directed to).

      Object (lat. «Objectum» “subject”) is a philosophical category denoting a thing, phenomenon or process to which the subject-practical, controlling and cognitive activity of the subject (observer) is directed; in this case, the subject itself can also act as an object. The subject can be a person, a social group, or an entire society. The concept of an object («obiectum») is used by Thomas Aquinas to denote what a desire, aspiration or will is directed to.

      Process (Latin «processus» - passage, advancement) is a category of philosophy that characterizes the totality of irreversible, interconnected, long-term changes, both spontaneous and controlled, both self-organized and organized, the result of which is some kind of innovation or innovation. Or a sequential change in a number of states of a certain phenomenon in life and in thinking, which leads to its qualitative change and transition to another phenomenon. The content of the process is characterized by such concepts as change, development, evolution, etc.

      Function (Latin «function» - execution, accomplishment) is a relationship between elements, in which a change in one element entails a change in another.

      Action - a structural unit of activity; a relatively complete separate act of human activity, which is characterized by a focus on achieving a certain perceived goal, arbitrariness and premeditation of individual activity.

      Dialectics (in philosophy) is a way of understanding the world in which various phenomena are considered in the diversity of their connections, the interaction of opposing forces, tendencies, in the processes of change, development.

      A technical system is an artificially created system designed to meet a specific need, existing:

      As a production item;

      As a device potentially ready to perform a beneficial effect;

      As a process of interaction with components of the surrounding or internal environment, which results in a beneficial effect.

      Technical systems include individual machines, devices, devices, structures, hand tools, their elements in the form of nodes, blocks, assemblies, etc.

      A non—technical system is a set of phenomena and processes in a non-technical field (biological, environmental, social, political, managerial, business, informational, ...) that are in relation and connection with each other, forming some non-technical object.

      A non—technical system is an integral unity, the main element of which are people, communities, peoples, states; objects of flora, fauna, ecology, biology; objects of management, business, information; ... their interactions, relationships, connections.

      These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process on the basis of the joint activity of the elements of a non-technical system, passing from generation to generation.

TRIZ Ecosystem (THEORY OF INVENTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING) is a set of methodologies (a set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES used to eliminate the Contradiction (Inconsistency) of Requirements to the value of a specific Key Parameter (KP)), to eliminate the UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCE arising in the Root Cause-Effect Relationship (RCER) (or Elementary System (ES)) of a Complex System (CS) (Structure).

    ARIZ (Algorithm for Solving Inventive Problems), is part of TRIZ.
     ARIZ analyzes an abstract model of a complex system: it is divided into separate functional parts that have CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONS (CER) between them, at the level of problem solving selected for the study, and they form `Elementary Systems` (technical).
     ARIZ sets the goal of achieving the Ideal Final Result (IFR), the requirements for which, in reality, are reduced at the final stages of the solution.
    ARIZ identifies the Root ES, the Key Parameter (KP) in the Root ES, the Contradiction of Requirements to the value of KP in the Root ES, and then a set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES is applied to eliminate this Contradiction of Requirements.

6.5. TYPES OF PROBLEMS REQUIRING SOLUTION.
(Conventionally, there are three large classes of problems requiring solutions).

6.5.1. Tasks for optimizing a substance, product, method, process in the mastered areas of human activity (mainly ALGORITHMIC methods are used - "tools" and deductive type TRIZ methods (part of ARIZ, FA, VA/VE/VM (FSA), etc.) .d.), on the scale of H.S. Altshuller - 1, 2, 3 levels - inventions).

6.5.2. Non-standard, complex, creative tasks - when it is necessary to resolve a contradiction of requirements in the system under consideration with the help of a selected (or found, created, obtained by combination) substance, product, method, process, structure. TRIZ uses in this case partially deductive methods interspersed with inductive methods, according to the scale of H.S. Altshuller - 1, 2, 3 levels - inventions.

      6.5.3. Non-standard, complex, creative tasks - when in any field of science, when setting up an artificially created experiment or observing a natural phenomenon, reliable facts (results, consequences) appear that do not fit into the accepted scientific paradigm (such a task is called an anomaly task).

      When solving an anomaly problem, the ROOT Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study in the model of the `Elementary system` of the current scientific paradigm changes and a new scientific paradigm arises (on the scale of H.S. Altshuller - 4, 5 levels - discoveries).

       ... The research carried out by the scientific community within the framework of the current paradigm is referred to as "normal science".

      `Normal science` does not set itself the goal of creating new theories.

      The main activity of "normal science" is "solving puzzles", that is, problems that are obviously solvable within the framework of the accepted paradigm.

      The period of "normal science" ends when a problem is encountered that does not fit within the current paradigm. Thomas Kuhn calls such a task an "anomaly"...

6.6. STEP-BY-STEP CYCLE OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM.

6.6.1. IDENTIFICATION of the problem and understanding of the situation.

The purpose of a new or optimized old system is to increase any positive effect.

But, in the real world, at some stage (design, testing, implementation, development of an emergency situation, changes in external conditions), an undesirable effect occurs (harmful, destructive, reducing profitability and labor productivity, falling sales of goods and services, deterioration of logistics, deterioration of process manageability, violation of operational safety, etc.)).

6.6.2. DOCUMENTATION, goal setting and planning.

The study of a technical (or non-technical) system allows you to fix obstacles and inefficient solutions that exist in the system, and also carry out further planning of actions to find effective solutions..

6.6.3. DECOMPOSITION of the selected task, division into separate subtasks (the output of one subtask is the input data for another subtask, etc.).

The breakdown of a complex system into interconnected "elementary systems" (construction and definition of links of "chain links" of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study).

Data collection, analysis and hypothesis testing.

Description of the system at the abstract level, identification of the conflicting pair, description of the contradiction , formulation of the Ideal Final Result (IFR) (TRIZ).

6.6.4. SYNTHESIS - generation of ideas for solutions.

Application of templates to solve the problem using methods and "tools" of TRIZ.

6.6.5. EVALUATION AND SELECTION of the optimal solution idea satisfying the specified requirements from a finite set of solutions found.

6.6.6. EVALUATION THE EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL of the system based on empirical patterns of system development and to work out possible ways of further evolution of the system in question.

6.6.7. EVALUATION VARIOUS RISKS associated with the practical implementation of the solution, whether they can be reduced or completely avoided.

6.7. WAYS AND STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS.

6.7.1. ALGORITMIC - a finite set of precisely specified rules for solving a certain class of problems or a set of instructions describing the order of the executor's actions to solve a specific problem.

The algorithmic way of solving the problem involves the use of a DEDUCTIVE METHOD: when there is a consideration of a PARTICULAR case of WELL-known algorithms.

The algorithmic path is used to solve standard problems of various levels of complexity.

Algorithmic path (DEDUCTIVE METHOD, DEDUCTIONAL LOGIC, from general to particular, rational thinking, ready-made instructions, according to the algorithm) is used in TRIZ in the sequential (formal) execution of ARIZ steps (work according to a given instruction), as well as in the use of a number of TRIZ "tools" related to the assessment, comparison, analysis of the structure and processes in the system under consideration (rational thinking is used).

6.7.2. HEURISTIC is an algorithm for solving a problem that includes a practical method that is not guaranteed to be accurate or optimal, but sufficient to solve the problem.

Allows you to speed up the solution of the problem in cases where an exact solution cannot be found.

Heuristic methods are logical techniques and methodological rules of scientific research and inventive creativity that can lead to goals in conditions of incomplete initial information and the absence of a clear program for managing the process of solving the problem.

6.7.3. "INSIGHT" — sudden conscious finding of a solution to some non-standard problem, which became the result of prolonged unconscious mental activity.

In psychotherapy, insight refers to a person's awareness of the causes of his condition or problem accompanied by insight and catharsis.

The appearance of insight is facilitated by a change in human activity. There are also special technologies, such as business games and the brainstorming method.

`Insight` is actively used in psychodrama. After solving a problem in the process of `insight`, its further optimization is most often performed by algorithmic methods.

Intuition (late Latin intuitio "contemplation" from the verb intueor "gaze") is the ability, the property of a person to understand, form and penetrate into the meaning of events, situations, objects through insight, insight, simultaneous unconscious conclusion (based on imagination, empathy and previous experience), "flair", insight.

      6.8. SYSTEM (STRUCTURE) ANALYSIS IN TRIZ.

      In technical and non-technical complex systems, in order to conduct an analysis for the purpose of subsequent change of the complex system, it is necessary to construct an abstract model of the system (structure), for this purpose dividing the complex system into many separate parts (modules, nodes, / individuals or communities /, impacts, processes) that have various connections between themselves.

     Each such part of the complex system has a set of its own individual properties, which are characterized by parameters that have certain physical, chemical (for technical parts of the system) or social, psychological (for non-technical parts of the system) types.

     SUBJECT (characterized by a set of individual properties (parameters)), one of which >>> affects >>> the same type of property (parameter) of the OBJECT and changes its value (the structure of the listed elements forms a single Cause-Effect Relationship (CER) (or Elementary System (ES)), at the selected level of research).

     The Root `Elementary System` (Root Cause-Effect Relationship) is characterized by the fact that it is in it that 2 Consequences arise due to the influence of the Subject on the Object of the same ES (Consequence 1 and 2):

     ● Consequence 1 - is a Desirable change in the properties of the Object (Object 1).

     ● Consequence 2 - is an Undesirable change in the properties of the Object (Object 2).

     In this case, two Events occur in the `Elementary System`:

    ● Event #1 - (Cause): Impact of the Subject's property (parameter) on the Object.

    ● Event #2 - (Consequence, Result): Change of the same property (parameter) of the Object.

     Such a connection in the `Elementary System` is called: CAUSE-EFFECT Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving selected for research.

     Next, Undesirable Consequence 2 will spread along the CER chain (along the branching chains of related ES) in the Complex System (Structure) and change (the type of properties (parameters) of Subjects and Objects may change), causing a chain of Undesirable Consequences in the affected ES, which will lead to abnormal functioning of the entire Complex System (Structure).

     Usually, Event #2 also reveals derivative, side Consequences (derivative, side Results, which often manifest themselves at the micro level), this is a change in other properties (parameters) of the Object and Subject in the ES.

     For example, when processing metal with some tool, the metal of the product (Object) is worn down in a controlled manner (and this is Desirable Consequence 1 (action, function)), but the resulting contact friction leads to heating of the product (Object) and the tool (Subject) (and this is Undesirable Consequence 2 (action, function)), which affects the wear of the tool (for the Subject, the values of the corresponding parameters decrease or increase), and, also, the strength characteristics of the product (Object) may change, the accuracy of processing may decrease, etc.

      In practice, the researcher, considering a complex System, deals with a chain of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study, consisting of non-technical and technical “elementary” systems (See Figure 20).

      In order to optimize a complex System, the researcher consistently analyzes each link in its chain (each “elementary” System) and finds “weak links”.

      There is a contradiction in them, which must be circumvented or eliminated by means of TRIZ.

A chain of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study, consisting of 2 non-technical (simplified) and 7 technical 'elementary' Systems.

      Figure 20. Unidirectional, non-branching chain of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study, consisting of 2 non-technical (simplified) and 7 technical “elementary” Systems.

      Further, in such an “elementary” System or its environment, he is looking for Object 2 (an “elementary” System 2 is being built), on which the influence of the Subject has a negative effect (Object 1 with a positive effect is already known in the “elementary” System 1).

      After that, a “root” contradiction is formulated between the two results in “elementary” Systems 1 and 2 (hereinafter, the ARIZ solution).

      Separately, deductive analytical methods and “tools” indicated in Table 2 can be used.

      For example, in the FA method, the insufficiency of performing a function (impact) in the “elementary” System can be attributed to the conditional “UNWANTED EFFECT” (negative), which is used in ARIZ.

      And it is eliminated by searching for a suitable resource inside and outside the “elementary” System, or by its curtailment - the transfer of this function (impact) to another “elementary” System that is part of the complex System under consideration.

      Figure 21. A fully connected model of a complex system, consisting of "non-technical" and "technical" 8 parts as an example.

      Parts are marked with colored circles with outgoing (impact by some property (parameter) of the Subject) red arrows and incoming blue arrows (similar properties (parameters) of the Object receive the impact of the Subject and change their value).

      Each part of a complex system can both have an impact on other parts, and receive influence from other parts of the system (through parameters of the same type - elements of the "elementary system"). A complex system with its parts is always connected with the environment through some kind of interaction.

      The red color indicates the set of the first elements (Subject parameters) of the "elementary system" that act as the influencing Subject, and the blue color indicates the set of second elements (the Object parameters of the same type as the Subject's parameters) of the "elementary system" that play the role of the Object receiving the impact, these elements correspond to different parts complex system and constitute the Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study of the elements of the "elementary" system.

      From the set of "elementary" systems that correspond to some current scientific paradigms, a complex system is built.

      The red lines indicate the set of mutually influencing Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study in a complex system (this is a set of "elementary" systems).

      Any complex system is located in the real world and is connected with the environment by Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study. The incoming and outgoing arrows of each part of a complex system display the interaction of parts of a complex system with the environment and other complex systems.

      A researcher who aims to improve the functioning of a complex system needs to analyze all the "links" of the chain of mutually influencing Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study in a complex system and find "weak" "links" ("elementary systems" that have a negative impact on the functioning of a complex system or its environment).

      And they are "elementary" systems that can have:

      - insufficiency of functioning, low parameters of functioning, low competitiveness;
      - low time between failures (poor fault tolerance);
      - subject to rapid destruction;
      - subject to parameters going beyond the established technical or other requirements;
      - energy inefficient;
      - produce a lot of toxic waste;
      - adversely affect the performance of other related "elementary" systems;
      - have a high cost;
      - do not meet aesthetic and ergonomic requirements;
      - not economical;
      - technological complexity of manufacturing is unacceptable;
      - the complexity of operation is unacceptable;
      - the complexity of the repair is unacceptable;
      - the complexity of storage is unacceptable;
      - short service life (resource);
      - short shelf life;
      - difficulty of transportation;
      - low level of sales;
      - ineffective work of the staff;
      - quick fatigue of the staff;
      - the requirements for labor safety are not observed;
      - redundancy of personnel;
      - etc.).

      As a result, the functioning of "weak" links worsens the efficiency of the entire complex system.

      "MATCEM+": The impact of any Subject (any part of a complex system can play its role) on

      An object (any part of a complex system can also play its role) can be the following
(with increasing or decreasing parameters, constant or alternating, in accordance with accepted scientific paradigms):

      ● Mechanical (forces, pressures, and, also, there is a dependence of influences on spatial geometry);

      ● Acoustic (infrasound (low-frequency vibrations), sound, ultrasound, hypersound);

      ● Thermal (heat transfer, convection);

      ● Chemical (chemical reactions);

      ● Electric field;

      ● Magnetic field;

      ● Electro - magnetic oscillations (quantum) (radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays);

      ● Gravitational (including gravitational waves);

      ● Strong nuclear interactions (responsible for the bond between quarks in hadrons and for the attraction between nucleons);

      ● Weak interactions (processes of beta decay of atomic nuclei and weak decays of elementary particles);

      ● Informational (based on "material carrier");

      ● Biological (based on "biological carriers" - objects of biological origin (flora, fauna)).

      Note 1:

      The information impact of the Subject on the Object, in accordance with accepted scientific paradigms, must have some kind of “material carrier”.

      By “material carriers” of information we mean objects of the world around us, which in science are usually called “matter/energy”, as well as more complex structures based on them.

      The “material carrier” of information must have at least one parameter, the value of which can be “measured”.

      In the process of "measurement", measurable parameter of "matter/energy" or a more complex structure based on them (Subject), affects the corresponding parameter of the "reference meter" - a scientific instrument (Object), changes its value, and this change in the value of the instrument parameter is the measured information.

      Such an impact always requires the expenditure of some kind of energy, that is, to obtain information, it is always necessary to spend energy.

      Thus, a scientific instrument (as an Object) is included in the “measuring”, single Cause-Effect Relationship (CER).

      Single information (value) is an (averaged or final) single measurement of the value of any parameter of a “material carrier” for a finite period of time, and this value is a Consequence in "measuring", single CER.

      The set of measured values of any selected parameter, any “material carrier”, for a given period of time and ordered on a time scale, form a set of Consequences in a single CER (this is the dynamics of change in a single CER in time).

      This given period of time is most often associated with the frequency of oscillations, rotation, evenly repeating impulses, other processes or phenomena repeated at equal intervals of time, manifested by a “material carrier” or external object .

      Actions that can be performed with multiple values of any parameter (with multiple minimal, elementary “units” of information) of a “material carrier” include:
reading (copying), recording, storage, encoding, distortion, mixing with other information, overlaying other information, performing mathematical calculations and transformations into other information, further transmission...

      Read (copy), write, store, encode, distort, mix with other information, overlay other information, perform mathematical calculations and conversions to other information, transmit different information..., different states (at different times) of different “material carrier” can occur, because states of “material carrier” are always characterized by changes in the values of their parameters.

      A generalized list of "material carriers" known to science:

      ● Elementary particles that make up matter (quarks, leptons);

      ● More complex compound structures (hadrons, atoms, molecules);

      ● Substances (in chemistry it is customary to divide into individual substances (simple and complex), organized into atoms, molecules, ions and radicals, and their mixtures);

      ● Interaction carriers (bosons);

      ● Interactions (strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravitational, interaction of particles with the Higgs field (Higgs boson));

      ● Sound vibrations (elementary portions of sound energy = quanta of coordinated vibrational motion of atoms of the crystal lattice of a solid = quanta of elastic vibrations of the medium = quasiparticles = phonons), modulation in frequency, amplitude, phase is possible ( infrasound (low-frequency vibrations), sound, ultrasound, hypersound (Frequency 10 to the 9th power of Hz, hypersound is often presented as a stream of quasi-particles - "phonons");

      ● Electromagnetic oscillations (elementary portions of electromagnetic energy radiation = quanta), modulation in frequency, amplitude, phase is possible (radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays);

      ● Gravitational waves (discovered by the LIGO and VIRGO collaborations in 2016) confirmation of the existence of the graviton is currently not possible);

      ● The description of complex quantum systems with interaction (solid bodies and quantum liquids) is simplified with the introduction of such quasiparticles as: Phonons, Magnetic "quasi-monopoles", Excitons, Wannier-Mott exciton, Frenkel exciton , Trions, Plasmons, Dropletons, Polaritons, Polarons, Magnons, Rotons, Impurities, Defectons, Electron as a quasiparticle, Hole, Cooper pair, Birotons, Biexcitons, Orbitons, Phazons, Fluctuons, Holons, Spinons, Focusons.

      Note 2: Biological effects of a Subject on an Object in accordance with accepted scientific paradigms should have at least one element or at most two elements of biological origin in the "elementary" system (flora, fauna).

      Note 3: Parameters (Objects) of various types of parts of the NOT Technical System (NTS), which can be influenced by parameters (Subjects) of other parts of the NTS, when their values are significant. (For example: person or community in the range [0 ... 1]):

      ● generous / greedy;

      ● honest/dishonest;

      ● joyful/sad;

      ● happy/unhappy;

      ● full/thin;

      ● young/old;

      ● healthy / sick;

      ● rich/poor;

      ● professional/student;

      ● educated/illiterate;

      ● sociable/lonely;

      ● etc.

      6.9. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS (STRUCTURES) IN OTHER AREAS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY (FOR COMPARISON).

       6.10. ARIZ AND TRIZ METHODOLOGY actively uses in practice the laws of philosophy, logic, psychology, conflictology, linguistics (lexicology, semantics).

       The German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), developed a separate dialectical method of argumentation - a form and method of REFLEXIVE (REFLECTED or 'reversed', inverted) theoretical thinking exploring CONTRADICTIONS .

       The philosophical category of Subject (carrier of activity, consciousness and cognition), applicable to TRIZ, is someone or something that produces a 'DESIRED ACTION' (useful function) over 'Object 1' (or Process 1) + 'UNDESIRABLE ACTION' (harmful function, opposite function, anti-action) on 'Object 2' (or Process 2).

       The subject can be a person, a social group or the whole society, an inanimate object.

       The philosophical category Object (Lat. objectum 'object') — denotes a thing, phenomenon or process that the subject's (observer's) subject-practical, controlling and cognitive activity is directed at, while the subject himself can act as an object.

       Hegel's dialectic explains the development of thinking through a triad: Thesis → Antithesis → Synthesis.

       TRIZ (creator Heinrich Saulovich Altshuller (1926-1998)) is a practical dialectic, and the development of thought in TRIZ also occurs through a triad:

       Thesis = 'DESIRED ACTION' (useful function) ('Yang' - in Chinese philosophy, '+') for Object 1 (or Process 1) →

       Antithesis = 'UNDESIRABLE ACTION' (harmful function, opposite function, anti-action) ('Yin' - in Chinese philosophy, '-') for Object 2 (or Process 2)→

       Synthesis = 'DESIRED ACTION' (useful function) + 'UNDESIRABLE ACTION' (harmful function, opposite function, anti-action).

       The first law of dialectics, the unity and struggle of OPPOSITES (polar actions, forces), concerns the transition of things and ACTIONS, in the process of their development, into their opposite (REFLECTION or 'turning back', inverting).

       OPPOSITES are those sides that always exclude each other, complement each other and are in inseparable unity.
      CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) OF REQUIREMENTS arises between two diametrically OPPOSITE ACTIONS: "DESIRED ACTION" (useful function) ↔ "UNDESIRABLE ACTION" (harmful function, opposite function, anti-action).

      The severity of CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) OF REQUIREMENTS, which appears between two diametrically OPPOSITE ACTIONS (FUNCTIONS), is directly proportional to the duration of their meeting (contact) with each other.

      Searching for and finding the root cause of the contradiction of requirements (Root Cause-Effect Relationship) clarifies the task and indicates the direction of further work.

      There can be many levels of contradictions of requirements, therefore, identifying CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONS (CER) at the level of problem solving chosen for research is a search for the root of the task, the main reason why this contradiction arose.

      The levels of requirements conflicts are divided into:

      ● The most superficial (Administrative or other) - a contradiction of requirements between a need and the possibility of satisfying it;

      A superficial (Administrative) contradiction of requirements is a contradiction between the opposite requirements of a person or a human community for 2 consequences (desirable and undesirable) in a Complex System, located at the end of the chain of Cause-Effect Relationships (or ER), and remote from the "Root" Cause-Effect Relationship, in which the initial contradiction arises between the requirements of a person or a human community to the qualitative value of a specific Key Parameter (KP).

      ● More profound (Technical or other) - this is a contradiction of requirements between certain parts, qualities or parameters of the system;

      A more profound contradiction of requirements is of an intermediate nature, between the contradiction of requirements arising in the "Root" Cause-Effect Relationship (or ER) and the contradiction in the "Final" Cause-Effect Relationship (or ER) of a Complex System.

      ● Aggravated contradiction of requirements, even more profound (Physical or other) - presentation of diametrically opposed properties (for example, physical or other) to a certain part of a technical or non-technical system.

      Aggravated contradiction of requirements arises in the "Root" Cause-Effect Relationship, and this is a relationship in which a desirable and undesirable consequence arises, depending on 2 opposite (quantitative, but, for the researcher, for understanding the meanings and clarity, it is more convenient to consider as - qualitative) values of the "Key" Parameter (in this case, the `Root` Cause-Effect Relationship (or ES) will take 2 states).

      6.11. CONFLICTOLOGY.

      CONFLICTOLOGY is an interdisciplinary area of knowledge that studies the patterns of origin, origin, development, resolution and completion of conflicts of any level. The solution of a certain range of problems that cause the emergence of a conflict can help to overcome the difficulties that have already emerged in connection with the definition of the essence of the conflict, the object and subject of conflict management.

       Since the conflict is indeed a contradiction , albeit of a special (illogical) kind, the analysis of both concepts is an urgent problem.

       The basic category of systems analysis is attitude. Depending on how contradictory relations relate to each other, logical and non-logical relations are distinguished, as well as various types of non-logical contradictions:

       ● Complementary contradiction - unification of relations, asymmetrical, but mutually dependent in their truth (+ and +) or (- and -) from each other.

       Example: 'Tatiana loves (+) Onegin' and 'Onegin is loved (+) by Tatiana'. Оr: ("Tatiana hates (-) Onegin" and "Onegin is hated (-) by Tatiana").

       ● Signal contradiction - the unification of true relations, but opposite to each other (+ and -).

       Example: 'Tatiana loves (+) Onegin' and 'Tatiana hates (-) Onegin'.

       ● A complementary-sign contradiction is formed when complementary and sign relations are combined in one system at the same time.

       Example: 'Tatiana loves (+) Onegin' and 'Onegin hates (-) Tatiana'.

       What class of contradictions does the conflict belong to? It follows from the definition of a conflict that the relations that form it must represent opposites, which both deny each other, and at the same time are true together. Otherwise, when only one of the opposites is true, or when both are false, the opposition of activities in the system and thus a systemic conflict becomes impossible. This means that a conflict can be an illogical contradiction , both opposites of which are simultaneously true (active).

       All three types of illogical contradiction correspond to the previously introduced definition of conflict. According to each of them, the activities of the subjects turn out to be opposing and generate a state of self-inhibition of the entire system of relations, either because of the asymmetry of the relations of the subjects, or because of the opposition of the relations of the subjects to each other in direction and / or in sign.

       Based on the foregoing, it can be argued that each illogical contradiction is a specific conflict and each conflict is a certain kind of illogical contradiction.

       Therefore, the following definition is valid:

       Conflict is a complementary, sign or complementary sign contradiction, in which both opposite relationships are simultaneously true.

       The most general definition of a conflict can be considered the following.

       Conflict is an imbalance in the internal and / or external relations of the system.

       Conflict is the state of the system, which indicates its inability to continue its vital activity in the same quality. Such inability means the loss of stability of the functioning of the system at a significant level for it.

       Consequently, conflict is the most important, if not the only, indicator of the system's transition from a stable state, characterized by the absence of the need to search for other forms of existence, to an unstable state, the main feature of which is the formation of an urgent need to return to the previous form of existence or create a new one.

6.12. APPLICATION OF LOGICAL DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE CONCLUSIONS IN VARIOUS AREAS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY.

6.12.1. DEDUCTIVE METHODS (with partial "interspersing" of INDUCTION METHODS) used in TRIZ narrow the scope of the solution search to certain limits, which allows you to quickly optimize the existing system, increase its positive effect and reduce, neutralize or eliminate negative properties (On the Altshuller H.S. scale - 1, 2, 3 levels of solution quality - inventions).

Table 2. Deductive method for "NonTechnical" Systems (subject to exact execution).

Table 3. Deductive Method for "Technical" Systems. (See Figure 22, 23).

Figure 22. "ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, TECHNICAL - A system that is maximally simplified for the purpose of convenience of research;
considered as a whole, the formalization of some really existing or projected System (ES element can also be a PROCESS).

Note: “Root” Cause-Effect Relationship (CER) (or ES), is a relationship in which “DESIRABLE” and “UNDESIRABLE” CONSEQUENCES arise for an OBJECT, with one (1st) value of the “key” parameter of the SUBJECT (quantitative, but , for the researcher, for understanding the meanings and clarity, it is more convenient to consider it as a qualitative one), while the “Root” Cause-Effect Relationship can be considered in 2 states (having “DESIRABLE” and “UNDESIRABLE” CONSEQUENCES for the OBJECT).

      Figure 23. In ARIZ, in a form that is more convenient for understanding, you can compose 2 “COMPOSITE” ES (CER), using a SUBJECT from the “Root” Cause-Effect Relationship (CER) (or ES) and 2 OBJECTS from 2 “ Final" Cause-Effect Relationships (the parameters of which reflect DESIRED AND UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES).

      They represent 2 artificially composed, “COMPOSITE” ES (CER), while, mentally, for ease of presentation, the chain of intermediate Cause-Effect Relationships (CER) (or ES) is shortened (removed from view).

      The 2 “COMPOSITE” ES (CER) under consideration have a common SUBJECT and 2 different OBJECTS:

      ● In the 1st “COMPONENT” ES (CER), a “DESIRABLE” action (CONSEQUENCE) is performed for OBJECT 1. (Positive effect (+): SUBJECT affects OBJECT 1).

      ● In the 2nd “COMPONENT” ES (CER), an “UNDESIRABLE” action (CONSEQUENCE) is performed for OBJECT 2. (Negative effect (-): SUBJECT affects OBJECT 2).

      Between 2 results (CONSEQUENCY 1 and CONSEQUENCY 2) in 2 ES (CER), a CONTRADICTION arises (both CONSEQUENCES are determined).

      (Formulation of a CONTRADICTION is possible only when deductive logical conclusions are formed in both technical ES (CER).)

      An algorithmic path is used, deductive logical inference, used in some TRIZ methods, when solving problems.

      The exception is interactions in quantum mechanics:

      Quantum effects mainly appear on microscopic scales and predictions of quantum mechanics
may differ significantly from the predictions (CONSEQUENCES) of classical mechanics.

      An ES element (CER) can play the role of a SUBJECT when it influences an OBJECT, and vice versa
he can also play the role of an OBJECT when he is influenced by another SUBJECT.

Figure 24. A CONTRADICTION between 2 CONSEQUENCES is transferred from 2 “COMPOSITE” ES (CER) to a “Root” ES (CER), as a CONTRADITION between 2 CONSEQUENCES in a “Root” ES (CER). (ES element (CER) can also be a PROCESS).

      Figure 25. To remove the CONTRADICTION between 2 CONSEQUENCES in the “Root” ES (CER), you must mentally obtain a “DESIRABLE” CONSEQUENCY for the OBJECT in the 2nd state of the “Root” ES (CER).

      To do this, you need to mentally change the qualitative value of the key parameter of the SUBJECT “Root” ES (CER) to the opposite (invert).

      But, then, a CONTRADICTION appears between to the qualitative value of a specific Key Parameter (KP) of the SUBJECT “Root” ES (CER).

      Figure 26. In classical ARIZ, in the process of searching for a solution that will eliminate the CONTRADICTION between to the qualitative value of a specific Key Parameter (KP) of the SUBJECT “Root” ES (CER), the influence on the SUBJECT is applied with the X-Element (The ES element (CER) can also be a PROCESS) .

      The first option may be the case when, as a result of modification of the SUBJECT “Root” ES (CER) by the X-Element, one single qualitative value of the key parameter of the SUBJECT “Root” ES (CER), operating at one point in time, DOES NOT CAUSE CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS OF THE RESEARCHER for the results obtained VALUES OF PARAMETERS, throughout the entire chain of the CER of the Complex System (CS).

      The second option may be the case when the key parameter of the influence of the SUBJECT on the OBJECT in the “Root” ES (CER) takes on opposite qualitative values at 2 different points in time, and, then, there also DOES NOT ARISE CONFLICTING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE RESEARCHER to the obtained VALUES OF PARAMETERS, throughout chains of the CER Complex System (CS).

      Figure 27. As a result of the modification of the SUBJECT "Root" ES (CER) by the X-Element, 2 "DESIRABLE" CONSEQUENCES (+) arise in 2 "COMPONENT" ES (CER) for the 2 considered OBJECTS in the CS. (ES element (CER) can also be a PROCESS).

      The modifying effect of the X - element (subject, modifier) can be:
substance, physical field/energy/effect, chemical bond/energy/effect, mathematical/engineering/technical method, method from other fields of knowledge, or a combination of methods, substances, information.

      For complete determinism of the results, a transition, where possible, to a complete formalization of deductive methods in terms of mathematical logic is necessary. For technical Systems in ARIZ, the initial formal description in terms of first-order logic may look like this:

      WFF G1: P(f(S), O1), true, where:
      S - Subject, source of exposure (carrier) (element ES 1).       (S - Subject, has different parameters, and one of them is a `key parameter`, because 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) and 2 CONSEQUENCE (- or +) depend on its value (minimum or maximum).
      f(S) - the impact of Subject S (CAUSE).
      O1 - Object 1, impact receiver (ES element 1).
      P(f(S), O1) - predicate (Positive), (1 CONSEQUENCE(+)), predicting the desired effect of the Subject (S) on Object 1 (O1).
      WFF - Well-formed formula.

      ES - Elementary System is a System that is maximally simplified for the purpose of research convenience.
      It is considered as a whole, represents a formalization of some real-life or projected System (ES Element can also be a PROCESS).
      ES represents a single, minimal Cause-Effect Relationship (CER) at the selected level of research of a Complex System (CS).

      WFF G2: N(f(S), O2), true, where:
      S - Subject, source of exposure (carrier) (element ES 2).       (S - Subject, has different parameters, and one of them is a `key parameter`, because 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) and 2 CONSEQUENCE (- or +) depend on its value (minimum or maximum).
      f(S) - the impact of Subject S (CAUSE).
      О2 - Object 2, impact receiver (ES element 2).
      N(f(S), O2) - predicate (Negative), (2 CONSEQUENCE(-)), predicting the undesirable impact of the Subject (S) on the Object 2 (О2).

      There is a contradiction between the predicates P and N (or more detailed: CONTRADICTION (NON-COMPLIANCE) of a person or a human community to 2nd CONSEQUENCES (+ and -), in the studied parts (ES 1 and ES 2) OF THE COMPLEX SYSTEM).
      The same Subject performs a desired action on Object 1 (1 CONSEQUENCE(+)) and an undesirable action on Object 2 (2 CONSEQUENCE(-)).

      WFF G3: ¬N(f(¬S), O2), true, (reversing the value of the KEY PARAMETER (¬S) produces 2 CONSEQUENCE(+), which resolves the contradiction between the predicates P and N), where:
      ¬S - Subject with inverted value of KEY PARAMETER, source of influence (carrier) (ES element 2).       (S - Subject, has different parameters, and one of them is a `key parameter`, because 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) and 2 CONSEQUENCE (- or +) depend on its value (minimum or maximum).
      f(¬S) - the effect of the Subject ¬S (CAUSE).
      О2 - Object 2, impact receiver (ES element 2).
      ¬N(f(¬S), O2) - predicate (not Negative(+)), (2 CONSEQUENCE(+)), predicting the desired effect of the Subject (¬S) on Object 2 (O2).
(¬ negation symbol)

      WFF G4: M(f(SX), S), true, where:
      SX - Subject X, source of exposure (carrier) (ES X element).
      f(SX) - the impact of the Subject SX (CAUSE).
      S - Object S, impact receiver (element ES X), (element S, in ES X, plays the role of the Object).
      M(f(SX), S) - predicate (Modifer), (М CONSEQUENCE(+)), predicting the modifying desired effect of Subject X (SX) on Object S (S).
      Subject X, eliminates the conflict of requirements between predicates P and N, and 2 CONSEQUENCE in ES 2 becomes desired (+).
      (The Parameter of Subject X (SX) affects the KEY Parameter of Object S (S) and changes the value of the KEY Parameter of Object S (S) to the opposite.
      Such an inversion of the KEY Parameter of the Object S (S) can occur using various techniques (tricks), transformations, manipulations set forth in TRIZ, but at the same time, 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) in ES 1 does not change).

      WFF G5: M(f(SX), S) ⋀ N(f(S), O2) → MN(f(SSX), O2), true, where:
      SX - Subject X, source of exposure (carrier) (ES X element).
      f(SX) - the impact of the Subject SX (CAUSE).
      S - Subject, source of exposure (carrier) (element ES 2).       (S - Subject, has different parameters, and one of them is a `key parameter`, because 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) and 2 CONSEQUENCE (- or +) depend on its value (minimum or maximum).
      M(f(SX), S) - predicate (Modifer), (М CONSEQUENCE(+)), predicting the modifying desired effect of Subject X (SX) on Object S (S).

      The symbol ⋀ (an inverted disjunction sign) in denotes a conjunction - (from Latin conjunctio - "union, connection") - a logical operation adopted in formalized languages for the formation of complex statements from simple ones and is equivalent in meaning to the connecting union "and" in a natural language.

      S - Subject, source of exposure (carrier) (element ES 2).       (S - Subject, has different parameters, and one of them is a `key parameter`, because 1 CONSEQUENCE (+) and 2 CONSEQUENCE (- or +) depend on its value (minimum or maximum).
      f(S) - the impact of Subject S (CAUSE).
      О2 - Object 2, impact receiver (ES element 2).
      N(f(S), O2) - predicate (Negative), (2 CONSEQUENCE(-)), predicting the undesirable impact of the Subject (S) on the Object 2 (О2).

      → Implication (from lat. implicatio "connection; plexus") - a binary logical connective, in its application close to the unions "if ..., then ...", a consequence.

      MN(f(SSX), O2) - a new predicate (Modification Negative), predicting the desired modifying effect on the predicate N(f(S), O2) with the conjunction of two predicates M(f(SX), S) and N(f(S), O2).
      The predicate MN takes the value "true" for some desired values of SX from the set T,
under which the predicate N(f(S), O2) takes the value "false".

      The truth set T for the predicate MN is the intersection of the truth set of the predicate M(f(SX), S) - T1 and
sets of false values N(f(S), O2) - T2,
that is, T = T1 ∩ T2.

      WFF G6: MN(f(SSX), O2) ≡ ¬N(f(¬S), O2), true, where:
      The symbol ≡ means Boolean equivalence or equivalent (or equivalence), or it is a logical expression that is true then, when both simple boolean expressions are equally true.
      In WFF G5, logical equivalence or equivalent, displays the result achieved - equality of positive result 2 CONSEQUENCE(+) achieved due to MODIFICATION OF THE VALUE OF A KEY PARAMETER in Subject S (S) ((S)transformed to Subject (SSX) and inversion (¬ negation symbol) of the predicate N).

      In TRIZ, creative, heuristic, "tools" and methods with incomplete induction can be used inside deductive, algorithmic methods (adduction), for example: in some steps of ARIZ or within some stages of the analysis of the structure and processes in the system under consideration.

      The creator of TRIZ, H.S. Altshuller sought to transform (find common features, generalize, classify), as far as possible, heuristic (inductive, `suggestive`) methods of thinking into algorithmic (deductive, "according to the algorithm", "according to instructions") to make the search for new solutions more accessible, objective, logically justified, carried out in the shortest possible time, by any interested researcher of the problem.

      In TRIZ, to resolve conflicting requirements that arises between the results of the impact of a common Subject on 2 Objects in 2 "Elementary Systems", traductive tools and methods are used (analogies from other areas of science, technology, knowledge), which are generalized in 40+10 techniques for resolving contradictions and some individual "tools" and methods of TRIZ.

6.12.2. THE INDUCTIVE METHOD IS NOT GUARANTEED TO BE ACCURATE OR OPTIMAL (HEURISTIC STRATEGY).

HEURISTIC PROBLEM SOLVING - a problem solving path that includes a practical method that is not guaranteed to be accurate or optimal, but sufficient to solve the problem, it involves the use of an INDUCTION method (an inference process based on the transition from SPECIAL to GENERAL FEATURES (See. Figure 28.)).

Figure 28. "ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, NOT TECHNICAL (ES element can also be a PROCESS).

In some TRIZ methods, when solving problems, a logical inference based on incomplete induction is used.

Plato laid the foundation of what is now known as "fuzzy logic" by pointing out that there is a third realm beyond true and false.

A mathematician of Polish origin, Jan Lukasiewicz, for the first time proposed a systematic alternative to Aristotle's two-digit logic and described 3-digit logic, the third meaning of which is "possibility".

Lukasevich developed the first system of multivalued logic - the three-valued logic of statements (1920), and with its help — a system of modal logic.

He developed an original language for formalizing logical expressions (the so-called "Polish Notation", which served as the basis for the more famous "Reverse Polish Notation").

As the third logical meaning of the statement, the meaning expressed by the words "probably", "neutral" was introduced.

About every statement in the Lukasevich system, we can say: it is either true (1), or false (0), or neutral (1/2).

Almost simultaneously with Lukasevich, Emil Leon Post (American mathematician and logician) introduced multivalued logic (1921).

Fuzzy logic is a branch of mathematics that is a generalization of classical logic and set theory, based on the concept of a fuzzy set, first introduced by a scientist (professor at the University of California) of Azerbaijani origin Lotfi A. Zadeh as an object with the function of belonging an element to a set, taking any values in the interval [0, 1], and not just 0 or 1 (in 1965 he published a fundamental work on the theory of fuzzy sets, in which he outlined the mathematical apparatus of this theory).

The "fuzzy logic" proposed by Lotfi A. Zadeh was an attempt to link mathematics with an intuitive way of communication, to which people turn, are guided in communication and interact with the world.

In 1973 , he proposed fuzzy logic later — the theory of soft computing and — the theory of computing with words and perceptions).

Methods of fuzzy logic theory and the like are used for Event 2 and are designed to calculate the result (Conclusion, Consequence), the occurrence of which has the highest probability from the set of options.

Methods of mathematical logic that are PROBABILISTIC (when analyzing non-technical "elementary systems") in nature are discussed in:

— fuzzy logic;

— the theory of soft computing;

— the theory of computing with words and perceptions).

The method of mathematical induction and transfinite induction is not yet used in TRIZ.

Table 4. INDUCTIVE “TOOLS” and METHODS in TRIZ.

Table 5. Human activity that activates creative, figurative (eidetic) thinking.

Human activity that activates creative, imaginative (eidetic) thinking.

6.13. TRIZ (THEORY OF INVENTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING) `ECOSYSTEM`.

6.13.1. TRIZ is a set of methodologies (a set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES), for eliminating UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES arising in the CER CS.

HEURISTIC method for solving the problem involves the use of the INDUCTIVE method: this is the process of logical inference based on the transition from PARTICULAR position to GENERAL .

Such approaches are used in some TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) methods.

A heuristic strategy is part of the stages of solving a problem, based on the TRIZ methodology - first, the problem is modeled (translated to the level of an abstract model) and then templates are used to solve it.

Figure 29. H.S. Altshuller examines an inventive problem using the MLP method.

In TRIZ, when analyzing a problem and building a problem model, an understanding of Cause-Effect Relationships (CER) in a Complex System (CS) is built and the CS is divided into singles CER, at the chosen level of consideration.

Further, the internal elements of such separate, single CER are formed (in logic, these are the "Production Rules" or in a generalized, abbreviated notation - predicates, in science and technology - these are models of elementary systems (ES)).

      TRIZ is a set of methodologies (a set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES), for eliminating UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES arising in the CER CS:

       A. The researcher of the problem, in order to improve the functioning or optimize the studied system, searches for manifestations of a negative effect (undesirable action, inefficiency, losses, undesirable process, etc.) in the system.

       B. When constructing a problem model, the researcher determines:

- The main function (purpose of operation) of the CS;

- Locations of processes (`operational zones`);

- System for setting, tracking and monitoring process parameters;

- Many available resources (divided by: type, quantity, value for the CS, degree of readiness for use, source, ...);

      Next, the researcher divides the functioning of CS into sequential processes:

- The process of entering the components necessary for operation: ...;

- The process of production (synthesis) from the components of the Object: energy, information, products, goods, values, services ...;

- The process of transforming an Object (necessary for further use): energy, information, products, goods, values, services ...;

- The process of influence of Subject 1 (actuator, mechanism, algorithm, ...) on the Object: `capture`, fixation of the Object;

- The process of influence of Subject 2 (actuator, mechanism, algorithm, ...) on the Object: “change” of the parameters of the Object according to a given goal;

- The process of outputting a finished Object (item of labor).

       C. The researcher collects information about the occurrence of UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS, and then selects processes to work on eliminating them.

The researcher analyzes the profitability, necessity and trends of further changes in the parameters of individual processes (for example, assesses at what stage of the S-curve the value of a key process parameter is located).

       D. The researcher divides the selected process into individual CER and determines among them the `ROOT' CER (in the `ROOT' CER a primary UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCE is formed, which, further, along the chain of other CER can spread to a part process).

       E. The researcher determines and considers the roles of internal elements in the `ROOT` CER, these are:

      (IF)

- SUBJECT (a source of influence that has a QUALITATIVE VALUE of a KEY PARAMETER (KP));

- CAUSE (affects the OBJECT);

      (TO/NOT)

- OBJECT (impact receiver having a QUALITATIVE VALUE OF THE DEPENDENT PARAMETER (DP));

- CONSEQUENCE (the result of the impact on the OBJECT - a change in the QUALITATIVE VALUE of the salary).

       F. The researcher determines in the `ROOT` CER the KEY PARAMETER (KP) of the SUBJECT and its:

- QUALITATIVE VALUE necessary to achieve the DESIRED CONSEQUENCE;

- QUALITATIVE VALUE necessary to achieve an UNDESIRED CONSEQUENCE.

       G. As a result, the researcher gets a CONTRADICTION between 2 opposing REQUIREMENTS for CONSEQUENCES in the `ROOT' CER.

       H. The researcher changes or transforms the internal elements of the `ROOT' CER, which entails changing the `ROOT' CER itself, using TRIZ methods and tools, to eliminate the UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCE.

       I. The researcher can also manipulate several single CER, entailing a change in the influence of single CER on each other, using TRIZ methods and tools, to eliminate UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES.

6.13.2. ARIZ (ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING INVENTIVE PROBLEMS)

In ARIZ, as part of TRIZ: аn abstract model of a complex system is analyzed: it is divided into separate functional parts, which have different types of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study between themselves, and form "elementary systems" (technical and non-technical) in pairs:

ARIZ reveals:

* A subject or Process that directly affects 2 Objects (or 2 Processes, or 2 parts of them) that receive the impact;

* Useful impact (useful function) on the 1st Object (or the 1st Process, or their 1st part);

* Undesirable impact (undesirable function) on the 2nd Object (or the 2nd Process, or their 2nd part);

* Operational areas of influence are determined;

* Models of two "elementary systems" are built;

* The operational time of exposure is determined.

A contradiction requirements is formed between the Consequences in two "elementary systems" and a hypothetical Ideal Final Result (IFR) is formed (in practice, the IFR is not fully achieved).

It is determined which property (parameter) an unknown X-element (substance or method ("modifier" of the properties of the influencing Subject (or Process)) should have.

A set of logical deductive and inductive TEMPLATES is used to solve the problem:

● "Technical methods" - 40 basic and 10 additional;

● "Standards" - 76 basic;

● Effects - technological, physical, chemical, biological, mathematical (geometric);

● Resources - internal, external, above system, functional, their derivatives and variations;

● "Tools" and TRIZ methods that activate creative, imaginative (eidetic) thinking (INDUCTIVE METHODS):

● MLP - Modeling Tool With Little People;

● SFA - Su-field analysis and its analogues;

● STC - Operator Size Time Cost;

● SO - System operator;

● MSB - Method step back from IFR;

● MFO - Method of focal objects (and processes, events);

● MAU - Method to admit the unacceptable ;

● MGF - Method "Goldfish";

● MSB - The "Snowball" method (the opposite of the MGF);

● MRC - Method of "Robinson Crusoe",;

● RIS - Restoration of an inventive technique method or situation;

● … .

The solutions obtained by INDUCTION METHODS are of a PROBABILISTIC CHARACTER, and largely depend on the level of the researcher's work with mental IMAGE representations ("fantasy").

"Tools" and TRIZ methods that activate and determine directions for thinking "according to instructions, according to an algorithm" of a rational type (DEDUCTIVE METHODS):

● ARIZ - sequentially, formal execution of part of the actions in ARIZ steps (work according to a given instruction, algorithm);

● FOS-IFOS - Functionally oriented information search and inverse (reverse);

● AHM - is a 'Harmful system'. Analysis of the 'harmful machine';

● DA - Diversion analysis;

● FA - FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS;

● SA - Flow Efficiency analysis. Streaming analysis;

● VA/VE/VM - Value analysis/Value engineering (USA) and Value management (UK) or (FCA - Functional Cost Analysis);

● MDMS - Method of decimal matrix search;

● solving some logical and mathematical puzzles;

● … .

The solutions obtained by DEDUCTION METHODS are DETERMINISTIC (certain, definition of Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study) CHARACTER, and largely depend on the rational thinking of the researcher.

6.13.3. ARIZ: X-ELEMENT (MODIFIER SUBJECT).

An estimated comparison of the variants of the solutions found is made for the maximum approximation of their parameters with the parameter of the X-element (modifier), and then the optimal option is selected.

At various stages of solving the problem and using 'tools' TRIZ, methods can also be applied, which are various forms of managing ideas (concepts): traduction, abduction, induction, adduction, deduction.

After that, from a few units to dozens of options for solving the problem appear, which is hundreds and thousands of times less in number and time, when compared with the method of enumerating options.

The purpose of solving the problem, according to the TRIZ methodology, is to find (SUITABLE or UNKNOWN) AN OBJECT, PROCESS, or METHOD whose parameters (data) are as close as possible to the parameters (data) hypothetically formulated in the "Ideal Final Result" (IFR) for the selected task.

Further, from a finite set of solutions found, one optimal option is selected (the task of OPTIMIZING the solution), and the criteria for its selection can be:

- satisfaction of the list of requirements, conditions, goals, tasks, resource constraints set by the customer in the terms of reference (or not the terms of reference);

- do not go beyond the designated budget;

- do not go beyond the existing production technologies;

- do not go beyond the existing physical, chemical, environmental, public, legal, etc. laws, restrictions;

- do not go beyond the required execution time;

- other restrictions.

Note (from Konstantin Kulikov):

There is a finite set of "Ideal Final Result" (IFR) for a specific task, which is defined and equal to a finite set of requirements (or restrictions) of the customer, consumer, physical laws, legal laws, environmental, industrial and other standards, public requests, time frames, budget frames, etc. ("stakeholders").

Each such requirement corresponds to its own "Ideal Final Result" (IFR), which must be formulated and its solution found.

Some of the solutions obtained may be in conflict with each other and these contradictions also need to be eliminated.

In the real world, the degree of ideality of the solution of the problem depends on the achievement by the "stakeholders" of a compromise on the requirements put forward by them to the system under consideration.

6.13.4. SEARCHING FOR ICR IN TRIZ IS AS A TASK OF RECOVERING THE ORIGINAL DATA SET IN AI SYSTEMS.

The analogy of the goals of solving TRIZ problems with one of the classes of tasks that can be solved by artificially created neural networks in artificial intelligence systems is viewed -

This is the restoration of the original data set (signal, image) in terms of information (from noisy or corrupted input data).

Such a task can be described as a reverse process to identify the relationships between different parameters - (auto)associative memory.

It is possible to notice some analogies in the ongoing processes for both heuristic strategies - this is the TASK OF MINIMIZING the ERROR of the objective function:

To limit the search space in the neural network training mode, the TASK OF MINIMIZING THE ERROR OF the objective function of the neural network is set.

The learning error for the constructed neural network is calculated by comparing the output and TARGET (DESIRED) VALUES. The error function is formed from the differences obtained.

The error function is an objective function that requires minimization in the process of controlled learning of a neural network.

Using the error function, you can evaluate the quality of the neural network during training. For example, the sum of squared errors is often used.

Today neural networks confidently solve the tasks of restoring the original data set in:

fine arts (digital restoration of works and creation of works in the style of artists who no longer exist);

music (digital restoration and creation of works in the style of musicians who no longer exist);

- literature (restoration of lost fragments of text, writing works in the style of a certain author on a given topic);

- film industries, old movies (digital restoration);

- film industries, old black and white movies (digital addition of colors);

- improving digital recording and playback of photos, videos and audio, getting rid of interference, on various devices, in real time;

- astronomy (data improvement, clearing of interference received by various types of telescopes);

- physics (data improvement, cleaning from interference received by various types of detectors);

- others.

Some analogies of processes in neural networks with the processes occurring in the abstract TRIZ model:

As SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS in the "technical" (or "non-technical") system, can act: substances, processes, methods, physical fields, information, person, community.

PARAMETER is a property or indicator of an object or system that can be measured.

Result of a measurement system parameter is a number or parameter value, and the system itself can be viewed as a set of parameters that the researcher felt it necessary measure for modeling its behavior.

Parameter — value, the value of which serve to distinguish elements of a set together.

Parameters can display properties: mathematical, geometric, physical, chemical, informational, socio-psychological qualities of an individual or community, ...

       Parameters can have values of different types (classes): absolute, specific (quantitative ratio), relative (%), vector (gradient), logical (Boolean set), ... (when calculating the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION, parameters having the same type of values should participate).

      A KEY PARAMETER of the SUBJECT 1 acts with the aim of obtaining the DESIRED ACTION (useful functions) in the SETTING of OBJECT 1, but produces UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS (harmful function) OPTION of the OBJECT 2.

      Hypothetically changing (MODIFYING) the state of SUBJECT 1 to the opposite (anti-) state,
INVERT THE KEY PARAMETER OF THE MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1.

      As a result, the UNDESIRABLE ACTION (harmful function) changes to the DESIRED ACTION (useful (or neutral) function) affecting the PARAMETER OF OBJECT 2.

      For quick search of information on a suitable

      THE INVERTED KEY PARAMETER OF THE MODIFIED STATE OF THE SUBJECT 1 (affecting THE OBJECT 2) according to the formulated IFR to resolve the contradiction ,
it is necessary to have access to databases on PARAMETERS (mathematical, geometric, physical, chemical, informational, ...) that display the properties (PARAMETERS) of substances, processes, methods, physical fields, information, socio-psychological qualities of an individual or community.

      And, also, to databases for assessing changes in various types of PARAMETERS, when they are affected by problem solving techniques, problem solving standards, Technological effects, Physical effects, Chemical effects, Biological effects, Mathematical (Geometric) effects, Su-Field Resources (SFR) .

      (For example: The "crushing" technique - what will happen to the physical quantities of the Subject given in the problem, whether and how: mass, volume, area, length, degrees of freedom for elements, angles, ratios, temperature, time, electrical conductivity, dielectric parameters, electric permeability, electric capacity, diamagnetic parameters, luminous intensity, polarization, electrical conductivity, electrical resistance, voltage, current, energy, power, pressure, illumination, electrical potential, etc.).

     In the considered "technical" system, a NEUTRAL or DESIRED ACTION for OBJECT 2 is obtained from a hypothetical inversion of an UNDESIRABLE ACTION.

     The requirements for a new desired TARGET PARAMETER for the MODIFIED STATE of SUBJECT 1 acting on OBJECT 2 are formulated in the ICR.

      IN TRIZ, the TASK IS TO MINIMIZE THE ERROR
      when approaching (finding the minimum discrepancy) between
      INVERTED KEY PARAMETER (real) and
      TARGET PARAMETER (desired)
      MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1.

      An error function is formed from the resulting difference – the TARGET FUNCTION.

      Now it is possible to analyze how the INVERTED KEY PARAMETER of the MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1 will change when using each technical method resolve the contradiction .

      The choice of the best technical method of contradiction resolution for this task depends on how the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION will change (the TASK is to MINIMIZE the ERROR of the objective function, thus, its maximum approximation to zero). The list of technical method: 40 basic and 10 additional (by H.S. Altshuller).

6.13.5. INVERSE FORM OF THE DECISION-MAKING TABLE IN TRIZ.

      The Decision table is a tabular form of representation in the logic of a Production Rules multitude.

      The table contains a set of action algorithms of the form:

      SO that the consequence of the selected specific condition (parcel) is one of the specified results (Production),

      It is necessary to make a decision, which consists in moving to a certain action.

      The table achieves a higher degree of formalization and visibility of the decision-making process than when using many separate algorithms.

      Decision tables have been used since the 1960s in various fields, for example, in tasks of automating the design of technological processes.

      G.S. Altshuller, on the basis of data obtained from the practice of solving inventive problems, compiled a table for the selection of technical contradictions , which is one of the forms (Inverse form or anti-actions on Production Rules) of a Decision table or a visual representation in logic of a Production Rules multitude.

      In the table, in the left column, the selection conditions located here are selected vertically: what needs to be changed (This is an area in logic - a conditions (parcels) multitude).

      In the table, in the upper row, the possible responses of the system to changing conditions are located horizontally: what worsens when conditions change (This is an area in logic - a Production Rules multitude).

      In cells, at the intersections of vertical columns and horizontal lines, information is displayed on the most probable possibility of applying in a given situation the techniques indicated in the cell for solving inventive problems (This is the area of action in logic - Conclusion (decision), which in the given inverse form of the Decision Table are anti-actions, that change the Production Rules to the opposite or neutral).

      The inverse form of the Decision table (according to H.S. Altshuller) contains a set of action algorithms of the form:

      SO that the consequence of the selected specific condition (parcel) is not of the specified result (Production),

      It is necessary to make a decision, which consists in moving to a certain anti-action.

      Note: G.S. Altshuller at one time analyzer about 40 thousand copyright certificates to generalize and develop 40 basic techniques methods for solving inventive tasks.

      Today in the world, the number of patents is approaching 20 million units, and now it has become possible, with the help of artificially created neural networks, to analyze, generalize, classify these millions of patents for the purpose of developing an even greater number of techniques (LOGICAL TEMPLATES) for solving inventive problems.

      There may be hundreds or thousands of them.

      The same opportunities have opened up for the analysis of scientific discoveries and articles.

6.13.6. AN ALTERNATIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE POSSIBLE LARGER NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES (LOGICAL TEMPLATES) IN TRIZ.

       It is also possible to apply an alternative linguistic approach to determining the possible number of TECHNIQUES (LOGICAL TEMPLATES) for resolving contradictions based on the description of all possible actions.

      The verb is an independent part of the speech of the English language, which describes:
action, movement, change, state associated with a change in position in space or time of an object or person.

      In modern English dictionaries there are over 1,050,000 words, about 1/7 or about 15% of all words (150,000) are verbs, but
the set of stable verb-forming roots is about 2,000.

      This approach allows us to define and describe about 2000 basic VERBS = ACTIONS = TECHNIQUES for resolving contradictions in the problem under consideration.

      The same linguistic approach can be applied to the transformation of TRIZ “tools” using the inductive method into a deductive method (actions according to an algorithm, according to instructions), thus formalize the possible actions and states of the “Subjects” of a particular TRIZ “tool” (describe them with 2000 verb-forming roots of the English language).

      For example, MLP (`Method Little People`): All possible actions and states of the LP (“Subjects”) can be described by 2000 verb-forming roots of the English language, each specific action and state of the LP determines a specific quality or property of the LP (group of LP) - one of which will be the optimal solution for the problem under consideration.

     Possible classification of modes of action (functioning) described by verbs.

      Formalization of inductive TRIZ methods in fuzzy logic (successive enumeration of possible ways of action and evaluation of Consequences - changes in the properties of the Object of an “elementary” non-technical System with each action, and then, from a variety of options, choose the most acceptable actions). These groupings of verbs, distinguished on the basis of a common type of action, are semantic, and partly the word is educational.

      Table 6. Group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: 'ACTION AND ACTIVITY'.

A group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: 'ACTION AND ACTIVITY'.

Table 7. Group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: “RELATIONSHIP” (“RELATIONAL”).

Table 8. Group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: "BEING, STATE, QUALITY".

A group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: 'BEING, STATE, QUALITY.'

Table 9. Group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: 'IMPACT ON THE WILL OF ANOTHER PERSON.'

6.13.7. 76 STANDARDS (SET OF LOGICAL TEMPLATES) IN TRIZ.

       Standards (SET OF LOGICAL TEMPLATES) consist of classes, subclasses and specific standards. They include 76 standards.

      It is possible to analyze how the INVERTED KEY PARAMETER OF the MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1 will change when using each standard to resolve the contradiction .

      The choice of the best standard for resolving the contradiction of this problem depends on how the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION will change (the TASK is to MINIMIZE the ERROR of the objective function, thus, its maximum approximation to zero).

6.13.8. USING VARIOUS EFFECTS (SCIENTIFIC) IN TRIZ.

Technological effects, Physical effects, Chemical effects, Biological effects, Mathematical (Geometric) effects have specific PARAMETERS that can change THE INVERTED KEY PARAMETER OF THE MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1 when using each effect to resolve the contradiction .

The choice of the best effect for resolving the contradiction of this problem depends on how the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION will change (the TASK is to MINIMIZE the ERROR of the objective function, thus, its maximum approximation to zero).

6.13.9. USING VARIOUS RESOURCES IN TRIZ.

      The next stage in the search for a solution to the task may be the use of internal, external, above system, functional resources.

      "Find a goal, resources will be found." - Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), Indian political and public figure, founder of the philosophy of non-violence.

      (Substance-Field resources (SFR, Su-Field Resources) - these are resources and their variations, that can be used in solving problems or developing a system.

      These can be: substances, their physico-chemical states and compounds, physical fields, time, space, information methods, identification and use of new functions in existing systems, socio-psychological qualities of an individual or community (for example: "Focus groups" in marketing), (for example, such qualities as: drives, hobbies, addictions, emotional passions, collectivism/loneliness, creation/destruction, kind/evil, generous/greedy, happy/unhappy, joyful/sad, honest/dishonest, high/low, light/heavy, thin/full, young/elderly, healthy/sick, rich/poor, fast/slow, educated/illiterate, etc.)).

      When formalizing parameters in fuzzy logic systems, socio-psychological qualities (parameters) of a person or community can be expressed in terms of a relative parameter in the range [0 ... 1], which corresponds to a range from 0 to 100% relative to some reference quality (parameter) of a person or community.

      The PARAMETER of a certain Su-Field Resources (SFR) can be in close relationship with the INVERTED KEY PARAMETER OF the MODIFIED STATE OF THE SUBJECT 1 and then it becomes possible to influence it through the SFR PARAMETER. As a result, the INVERTED KEY PARAMETER of the MODIFIED STATE OF SUBJECT 1 changes when using each Su-Field Resources (SFR).

      The choice of the best Su-Field Resources (SFR) for resolving the contradiction of this problem depends on how the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION will change (the TASK is to MINIMIZE the ERROR of the objective function, thus, its maximum approximation to zero).

6.13.10. FURTHER OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROBLEM SOLUTION BY ALGORITHMIC (DEDUCTIVE) METHODS IN TRIZ.

After solving a non-standard problem by heuristic methods, its further optimization is most often performed by algorithmic methods.

Creative, heuristic, inductive TRIZ "tools" and methods can be used inside deductive, algorithmic methods, for example: in some steps of ARIZ or within some stages of the analysis of the structure and processes in the system under consideration.)

TRIZ creator - H.S. Altshuller sought to transform (find common features, generalize, classify), as far as possible, heuristic (induction, `suggestive`) methods of thinking into algorithmic (deductive, "according to the algorithm", "according to instructions") methods of thinking, so that the search for new solutions would be more accessible, logically justified, and carried out for the maximum amount of time short time, by any interested researcher of the problem.

H.S. Altshuller created procedures for finding the "root" contradiction in the system and eliminating it using algorithms (instructions - deductive methods).

But, some INDUCTIVE "Tools" and methods TRIZ that activate creative, imaginative (eidetic) thinking have not yet been converted from INDUCTIVE methods to DEDUCTIVE (algorithmic, according to the instructions).

To solve this problem, non-algorithmic TRIZ "Tools" and methods must be classified (typified) in a certain hierarchy and associated with certain logical and mathematical operators (formalized).

Then, when bringing these "Tools" and methods to uniquely defined algorithms, it becomes possible to simulate them programmatically.

6.13.11. TRIZ AS ONE OF THE ALTERNATIVES FOR CONSTRUCTING NEW CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE, SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS.

DEDUCTIONAL METHODS (with partial inclusion of INDUCTIVE METHODS) narrow the scope of the search for a solution to certain boundaries, which allows you to quickly optimize the existing system, increase its positive effect and reduce, neutralize or eliminate negative properties (According to the Altshuller scale - 1, 2, 3 quality levels solutions - inventions).

INDUCTION METHODS, and the most radical of them is the "Trial and Error Method" (TaEM), with the correction of the intermediate result by the "Error" or the "Experimental Method", expand the boundaries of the search for possible solutions and have been used in science for centuries. These methods usually require large material and time costs, but lead to higher results (According to the Altshuller scale - 4, 5 levels of solution - discovery quality).)

TRIZ can be an alternative to TaEM in science, but not when searching for a solution within the considered outdated complex system (since the task is not to optimize the considered complex system, but to replace part of its "elementary systems" with new ones, and such a transition is necessary already at the initial stage of solving the problem ).

In such new "elementary systems", the positive effect specified earlier in the requirements for obsolete "elementary systems" should be produced. The negative effect previously identified in obsolete "elementary systems" should be absent or insignificant. Such a transition to new "elementary systems" eliminates the occurrence of contradictions of REQUIREMENTS formulated in an outdated complex system.

Thus, during a scientific discovery, obtaining new knowledge requires transferring the consideration of the problem to "supersystems", "subsystems" or "alternative" systems of the same level, relatively obsolete "elementary systems".

The problem is that there can be many such "supersystems", "subsystems" or "alternative" systems with respect to obsolete "elementary systems", including those that are still unknown, therefore their description and choice is a separate task.

An analysis of the evolution of systems in accordance with empirical patterns and lines of development, used in TRIZ, and is intended to search for new “elementary” Systems.

It is traditionally believed that the discovery of a new pattern is an example of inductive thinking, largely due to intuition.

From the point of view of TRIZ - the Current Scientific Paradigm is an "Elementary System" (ES), in which "Cause" and "Effect" have a clearly defined connection, there is no CONTRADICTION OF REQUIREMENTS.

A causal relationship is the relationship between the first event (the "Cause") and the second event (the "Consequence"), where the "Consequence" is the direct result of the "Cause".

The 1st Event in the System ("Cause") is the appearance of the Subject's influence ("Cause") on the Object (if necessary, it can be recorded by the observer).

The 2nd Event in the System ("Consequence") is a change in the properties of the Object (if necessary, it can be recorded by the observer).

In the Current Scientific Paradigm, when an 2nd Event in the System occurs, certain, deterministic, already proven by numerous experimental data changes in the properties of the Object ("Consequence", result) are always obtained.

If an anomalous (false) result ("NOT Consequence") of the functioning of such a System is detected (for example, in case of significant changes in the states of the Subject (which, in turn, may be influenced by the state of the external or internal environment)), then a CONTRADICTION appears in the System between the result of the impact of various states of the Subject on the Object, and the Current Scientific Paradigm is partially or completely false.

In the appeared anomaly task, it is necessary to search for an aggravated, root CONTRADICTION between two different results of the IMPACT of 2 different states of the Subject on the Object (true / false).

It is necessary to observe and analyze an abnormal natural phenomenon or experiment (the processes under consideration can be both real and abstract).

At the same time, objective "Entities" are revealed - these are objects, facts, phenomena, operations, processes, etc.

Each "Entity" has a number of characteristic properties or features (parameters) for it.

The influence of parameters on each other is analyzed (Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study, properties, relationships, both qualitatively and quantitatively, through the construction of mathematical formulas), an abstract model of the process is constructed, modeled (systematization) .

(Relationships determined with the help of the senses (subjective): "Subject - impact", "To be - earlier", "To be - later" ... Relationships determined using logical conclusions ( objective): "Cause - Consequence", "Purpose - means" ...)

When the 1st state of the Subject ("Cause") acts on the Object, the true result ("Consequence") appears, already proven earlier in the Current Scientific Paradigm (True = "DESIRED ACTION" ).

When the 2nd state of the Subject ("Cause") is exposed to the Object, a false result ("NOT Consequence") appears, anomalous for the Current Scientific Paradigm (False = "UNWANTED ACTION") .

An Ideal Final Result (IFR) is compiled for the anomaly task.

The goal in the IFR is to achieve the absence of CONTRADICTION OF REQUIREMENTS in the System.

To achieve this goal, you need to get the true result ("Consequence") - the impact of each of the 2 states of the Subject ("Causes") on the Object, which is uniquely determined by the mathematical relationship between certain parameters Subject and Object within the boundaries of one phase state of the Object.

(Critical phenomena - characterize the behavior of substances in the vicinity of phase transition points. Phase transition (phase transformation) is a critical phenomenon, which is characterized by an abrupt change in some parameters of the Object. The theory of critical phenomena was first built L.D. Landau and develops further, in physics, for example, critical phenomena are described by methods of quantum field theory.)

In case of transition of the Object's state through the boundary of the critical phenomenon (when it is exposed to the 2nd state of the Subject ("Cause")), the true result ("Consequence") in another phase state of the Object is described by a different mathematical dependence within the boundaries of this phase state.

(As applied to substances: not every phase transition is accompanied by a change in the state of aggregation. But any change in the state of aggregation is a phase transition.)

Note: In some modern physical hypotheses and theories there is still no understanding at the physical level of the Subject ("Causes"), for example, when a physical body has an inertial force, gravity. Also, when describing the model of the world at the quantum level, there is not always an understanding at the physical level of the Subject ("Cause") of a particular phenomenon.

At the same time, the results ("Consequences") of such phenomena are well studied, described by equations, and are widely used in various devices.

Thus in scientific research it can be like this: the Subject (“Cause”) does not have a description at the physical level, but its effect on the Object (result, “Consequence”) is well studied, mathematically described, experimentally reproduced and verified, widely used in various devices.

To describe the Subject ("Cause") in the system under consideration at the physical level, it is necessary to consider the Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study at the Supersystem level (in each specific task, there may be one Supersystem or a set of Supersystems located in related hierarchical (subordinate) relationships).

The Subject ("Cause") of the subordinate System is equivalent to the Supersystem Object. The Subject of the Supersystem (the "Cause" of the Supersystem) acts on the Object of the Supersystem and a uniquely defined result (the "Consequence") of this influence appears - this is a change in the properties of the Object of the Supersystem, which makes it possible to approach its understanding at the physical level.

Next, you can formulate a hypothesis about a new Paradigm that describes the ongoing process (generalization, synthesis), develop an experiment to confirm the hypothesis and reproducibility of the new Paradigm.

The result is a new regularity (law) that is valid for this natural phenomenon or experiment (there is a change in the Scientific Paradigm).

NOTE: In the STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS of complex non-technical and technical devices and systems, there are also Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study. Technical devices, their parts, modules or nodes, consist of many interconnected "elementary" Systems (Analogue: "Elementary" technical System, consists of the same logical elements as any System of the Current Scientific Paradigm, and there is no CONTRADICTION in them) .

The logical elements of such a system are the Subject ("Cause") and the Object receiving the impact. In this case, a uniquely defined result (“Consequence”) appears - this is a change in the properties of the Object.

(The qualities (parameters) of a community of people or an individual also fit into many interconnected "elementary" Systems, but the results of the impact ("Consequences") may have a more variable, probabilistic character, which in some cases are trying to limit the "corridor of opportunities").

An "elementary" System can be represented as a scheme "Input - Process - Output", or "Subject - Impact - Object" and make a chain of such "elementary" Systems (a set of Causal Relationships), for further analysis:

Figure 30. The structure of the scientific revolution (version 1, level 4 of the H.S.A. scale, the transition of the properties of the Object through a critical phenomenon (phase transition point) to a new phase state with a significant change in the state of the Subject): a jump is a transition to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA .

A complex technical System consists of a multitude of "elementary" Systems connected by Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study.

Each technical "elementary" System is a private implementation of the CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA, thus the SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA is also represented by the "elementary" System, but in a generalized form.

The scientific revolution is a transition from the "elementary" System of the OUTDATE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA.

Example:

(Version 1) Discovery and description of any phase transitions of substances.

With a significant change in the state (properties, parameters) of the Cause (Subject), there will be a significant change in the state of the Consequence (Object), while the properties (parameters) of the Consequence (Object) can make a transition through a critical point to a new phase state, and in the "elementary system "There will be a new causal relationship.

(Version 2) is the transition from the "elementary" System of the OUTDATE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA.

At the same time, both the Cause (Subject) and the Consequence (Object) are replaced, and a new causal relationship appears between them.

The main function of the "elementary" System remains the same, but the positive effect produced by the function increases. Example: Transportation of passengers and goods: the function is the same, but the speed and comfort of transportation change. The number of “elementary” systems is increasing, and they are changing, in accordance with new SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS. (See Figure 31). At the same time, the Cause (Subject) and Consequence (Object) are replaced, and a new causal relationship appears between them.

Figure 31. The structure of the scientific revolution (version 2, level 5 of the H.S.A. scale, complete replacement of the Subject and Object): a leap - a transition to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA.

A complex technical System consists of many "elementary" Systems connected by Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study.

Used in TRIZ, the analysis of the evolution of technical systems (and, accordingly, scientific paradigms) in accordance with empirical laws and lines of development, for greater scientific objectivity, requires a more rigorous definition in the form of mathematical dependencies (formalization, a possible transition to quantitative parameters), and is represented in the form of stepwise transitions of "elementary systems" to more and more perfect Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study.

(For example: Moore's empirical law of doubling the number of semiconductors every 2 years (and according to David House of Intel, every 1.5 years) is quantitative.)

In the scientific method, in the process of observing any natural phenomena or artificially constructed experiments, various facts are recorded. Complex systems are divided into parts ("elementary systems" technical and non-technical).

In the study of technical "elementary systems", based on the analysis of the facts obtained, the Subject acting on the Object (and a possible change in their states) is identified, an abstract model of the process is created, and a causal relationship is revealed. By methods of incomplete scientific INDUCTION, generalizations are carried out, empirical and, then, mathematical deterministic dependencies are derived.

In the study of non-technical "elementary systems", logical formalization is carried out by fuzzy logic methods and the results are of high probability.

There is a tendency in TRIZ to reduce TRIZ "Tools" and methods to uniquely defined deterministic algorithms where possible. Such a need is due to the fact that the solution process should be more objective, unambiguous, scientifically substantiated, excluding the subjective factor of the researcher of the problem and better amenable to software modeling.

6.13.12. IS A TECHNOLOGICAL SINGULARITY POSSIBLE?

And here a natural question arises in relation to Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems created on the basis of neural networks (NN): what needs to be done so that the NN in the process of solving the problem "goes" beyond the limits of the task in the outdated "elementary system" and creates (designs) a new "elementary system" on other principles of functioning using the resources of the "supersystem", "subsystem" or "alternative" system, relative to the level of the obsolete "elementary system"? (An analogy from thermodynamics - "phase transition" ("phase transformation")).

Or is this property (“privilege”) inherent only in the NN of natural origin in some scientists-researchers (human intellect)?

For more details on morphogenetic modeling of the human neocortex and biological synergetic (self-organizing) computers, see Section 4.

And will this form of "information processing" in AI systems become the moment of the birth of a full-fledged, “strong” intelligence (the hypothesis of a technological singularity, called the “intellectual explosion” by the British mathematician and cosmologist Irving John Good.

This may be the very moment when AI will be able to put into practice the search (or construction) of unknown (hidden) new "elementary systems" on other principles of functioning using resources of "supersystems", "subsystems" or "alternative" systems, relative to the level of the obsolete "elementary system".

Perhaps, with such a transition to the new "elementary system", new causal relationships will appear, which may differ from the relationships in the outdated "elementary system".

6.13.13. CAN WORKS OF ABSTRACT ART INFLUENCE THE RESEARCHER WHEN CONSTRUCTING A NEW CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP?

Can some works of abstract art influence the researcher in "constructing" a new system?

Before the advent of photography, the purpose of creating works of art was to capture various characters, moments of life, history, mythology, religion ... using various expressive forms.

When affordable photography, video, printing, 3D printing appeared, then many functions of art became possible to quickly reproduce in these technologies.

What functions have modern art created by man, and not by technology? What is the purpose of contemporary art?

The following answer suggests itself: machine technologies cannot go beyond the limits set, determined by their design and programs, they can combine them, mix them, distort them in different ways, brighten / darken, filter, connect / separate, repeat, change the scale, etc.

And some artists (musicians, writers, ...) can go beyond their "everyday rationalism", "program of rational existence", "psychological inertia" imposed by the living environment and the surrounding society in their works of abstract art.

And such artistic (musical, literary, ...) works can have both creative and destructive roots, causing corresponding, not always conscious responses in the human psyche.

6.13.14. IS IT POSSIBLE TO DESCRIBE THE HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ANY NEW CAUSAL-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP?

When searching for a new pattern, there is a need to search for and describe hypothetical conditions of existence, properties, features and principles of functioning of such unknown (hidden) "elementary systems" of various levels, relative to the level of the outdated "elementary system".

The minimum specified requirements for the properties of the new "elementary system" are defined as:

- should produce a positive effect (similar to the effect of the obsolete "elementary system");

- there should be no negative effect (similar to the effect of the outdated "elementary system");

Principles of operation suitable for use in the new "elementary system" may be in another area of knowledge and for transfer they can use the method of thinking - traduction (movement, analogy).

Principles of operation suitable for use in the new "elementary system" can be generated by hypotheses using the method of thinking - abduction (a cognitive procedure for putting forward hypotheses - from the first premise, which is a conditional statement, and the second premise follows from the conclusion (syllogisms have: 3 rules of terms, 4 rules of premises, 4 figures, 256 modes, 24 correct (reliable) conclusions, 232 incorrect (probabilistic) The semantic verification of the syllogism is carried out using three-dimensional diagrams - Euler circles).

Principles of operation suitable for use in a new "elementary system" can be generated by empirical testing of hypotheses put forward or by consideration of hypotheses and measuring the extent to which they agree with the facts. The method of thinking used is induction (targeting, from particular to general, search for common properties, signs, and finally - generalization of experimental data)...

In the new “elementary system”, when using a new principle of functioning and establishing a new Cause-Effect Relationship (CER), at the level of problem solving chosen for the study, a change of Subject and Object must occur.

To select a new Subject and Object, it is necessary to use real-field resources (VFR) located inside and around the considered "elementary system".

Table 10. Su-Field Resources (SFR) are divided:

6.13.15. `The triangle of the conflict process` in the TECHNICAL (physical) sphere.

(a conflict process at a selected level of research, based on the CONTRADICTION (INCONSISTENCY) of the stakeholder's (or researcher's) requirements to the value of a specific Key Parameter (KP) of the Subject in the `Root Elementary System` (RES)(which corresponds to `Root Cause-and-Effect Relationship`)).

Built on the basis of the 'Su-fieldl Analysis' (substance - field analysis is a 'tool' classic ARIZ).

'Su-field' is a model of a minimum operable managed technical System (of the 'Elementary' System)- consisting of at least three parts: two SUBSTANCES (Subject and Object (or Process)) and one impact of the Subject on the Object (conditional 'FIELD').

Any complex technical system can be reduced to the sum of 'Su-fields'.

The term 'FIELD' is a conditional name for the energies (forces, information) of interactions in the system (determines the action of the Subject on the Object in the system), that are present or added:

Mechanical, Acoustic, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Magnetic, Electro-Magnetic, Gravitational,

Strong nuclear interactions (responsible for the bond between quarks in hadrons and for the attraction between nucleons), Beta decay (processes of beta decay of atomic nuclei and weak decays of elementary particles), Informational, Biological.

In TECHNICAL systems, elements of natural or artificial origin have an unambiguously defined response.

The exception is interactions in quantum mechanics: quantum effects are mainly manifested on microscopic scales and the predictions of quantum mechanics can differ significantly from the predictions of classical mechanics.

Quantum field theory in the form of a Standard Model (with the addition of neutrino masses) is now the only experimentally confirmed theory capable of describing and predicting the behavior of elementary particles at HIGHT energies (that is, at energies significantly EXCEEDING their rest energy.

The uncertainty principle, discovered by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, is one of the cornerstones of physical quantum mechanics: The more accurately one characteristic of a particle is measured, the less accurately the second can be measured (for example: coordinates and momentum, current and voltage, electric and magnetic fields). The uncertainty principle is a consequence of the principle of particle-wave dualism.

The creation of a Unified field theory (Theory of everything), a physical theory that aims at a unified description of all known physical phenomena based on a single primary field, faces the lack of primary concepts in physics - what they are and what they consist of: space, time, matter in space, infinity of space, and the substitution of these primary concepts for abstract "surrogates".

The choice of Object 1 (or Process 1) determines the DESIRED ACTION (useful function) that is required to be obtained from the TECHNICAL system according to the conditions of the problem.

Or, in order to determine Object 1 (or Process 1) based on the conditions of the problem, the following question must be asked:
the parameters of which element of the system must be improved according to the conditions of the problem?

Selection of Object 2 (or Process 2), which is exposed to UNWANTED ACTION (harmful function),
complicated by the fact that Object 2 (or Process 2) occupies a 'floating position' and in each new task it can coincide with some other element of the system or have only an indirect connection with the technical system, this is due to the variety of tasks solved in the TECHNICAL area:

► 1.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Subject 1. (Reaction).

► 2.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). (Conjugate action).

► 3.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Part of the system that also contains Object 1 (or Process 1). (Conjugate action).

► 4.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = In a separate system, but which is connected with the system of Object 1 (or Process 1) and Subject 1. (Conjugated action).

► 5.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Subject 1 acts on itself (complication of the system). (Conjugate action).

► 6.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Subject 1. (Incompatible action).

► 7a.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). 2 equal actions are required (One action is set, the other is not). (Incomplete action).

► 7b.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). Subject 1 does not work. (Incomplete action).

► 7c.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). Not specified Subject 1. (Inaction).

► 8a.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). Not specified Subject 1, not specified Object 1. You need to get information about Subject 1 and Object 1. ('Silence').

► 8b.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). The impact of Subject 1 is not specified. It is necessary to obtain information about the impact of Subject 1. (Conjugate action).

► 9.

Object 2 (or Process 2) = Object 1 (or Process 1). (Unregulated action (in particular, redundant)).

6.13.16. `The Karpman Triangle` in a NON-TECHNICAL (social, psychological, managerial, ...) area.

(the conflict process, at the chosen level of research, is based on CONTRADICTION (INCONSISTENCY) of the opposing requirements of the two parties to the conflict process (Subject and Object) to the value of a specific Key Parameter (KP) of the Subject in the considered `Root Cause-Effect Relationship`), ('The Triangle of Fate', 'The Triangle of Toxic Relationships').

6.13.16.1. This method is used in PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHOTHERAPY for the analysis and resolution of CONFLICT situations.

There can be more than a hundred shades of the interdependence of the triangle elements.

The main goal is to go beyond this triangle or the destruction of toxic bonds within the triangle.

This method can be adapted to the CONFLICT interaction of elements included in the humanitarian fields of activity, such as: sociology, pedagogy, law, economics, competition in business, managerial and other tasks in the organization, diplomacy, culture, storyline of literary works, storyline of films, etc.

6.13.16.2. In the NON-TECHNICAL area of activity, most of the elements of the system are of natural (and sometimes artificial origin),

at least have a flexible, adaptive program of multivariable response actions to resist Subject 1 ('Aggressor') (for example, Subject 2 ('Rescuer, Peacemaker') opposes, hinders Subject 1 ('Aggressor') with one or another predefined (or programmed) flexible, adaptive, multivariablere sponse actions),

as a maximum - has a collective or individual will, intelligence, consciousness.

Making a decision on the response is probabilistic, ambiguous and depends on many factors.

In all higher animals, without exception, the processes of formation of conditioned reflex connections are much more complicated than in the lower representatives of the animal world.

If the latter really trace the reaction of the organism as a direct function of the stimulus, then in higher animals this reaction is mediated by a complex

structural and functional organization of internal perception mechanisms, although it remains closely related to the input effect.

Physiologists often observe how, with the continuation of training of an already trained animal, soon, for no apparent reason, individual stimuli of the complex lose the ability to cause a conditioned reflex.

This means that now the complex stimulus has ceased to be a simple set of individual stimuli for the animal

, but has become a single independent stimulus ("image"), sharply different from each component included in it.

This happens because temporary connections were formed between the neurons to which the components of the complex stimulus arrive, which led to the creation of a common functional center.

In a person, such a factor as "attraction" has a great influence on his mental movement and behavior. "Attraction" is one of the central concepts of the theories of psychoanalysis (as part of the so-called theory of drives).

This is the desire to satisfy an unconscious or poorly realized need and therefore the primary source of any mental movement and behavior.

There are more than 100 methods for converting fuzzy inferences at the linguistic level into computational circuits. Using formulas, a fuzzy production rule can be represented graphically.

6.13.16.3. Examples of the natural origin of interacting system elements in the NON-TECHNICAL sphere:

Unicellular organisms do not have a nervous system, but some infusoria have an intracellular mesh that performs the function of conducting excitation to other elements of the cell, which allows them to learn how to develop the simplest defensive reaction to an irritant.

Multicellular organisms have a nervous system, which allows them to develop more complex conditioned reflexes to various stimuli (multivariable defensive reactions).

The development of the nervous system (during phylogeny), occurred:

- from the most primitive form, preserved only in the lower coelenterates (hydra) - diffuse nervous system;

- through the type of nodal nervous system usually inherent in invertebrates;

- to the Central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates, consisting of the spinal cord and brain.

6.13.16.4. Examples of the artificial origin of the interacting elements of the system in relation to a person, the community of people, ecology, legislation, etc. in NON-TECHNICAL area:

● analog and digital automatic control systems for complex actuators, complexes and systems, built on various element bases (mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, biological, electronic, quantum, hybrid);

● algorithmic type software (procedural or object-oriented execution) with results depending on a set of specified, interdependent and calculated conditions;

● software and architecture for neural networks in artificial intelligence systems...

6.13.16.5. Striking examples of artificial intelligence systems that have heuristic, flexible, adaptive programs of multivariable responses are:

● AlphaGo - a go game program that defeated human champions, developed by Google DeepMind in 2015;

● In (backgammon, checkers) chess - Stockfish, Shredder, Fritz, Komodo programs have already far exceeded the level of human champions;

● In 2017, the Libratus system from Carnegie Mellon University confidently defeated professional poker players - a team consisting of the world's best players in unlimited Heads—Up poker. Matches were played in real time during the 20-day tournament, and the actions of the algorithm were counted on the Pittsburgh supercomputer;

● It is no secret that in many other NARROW areas of human activity, AI systems significantly exceed human capabilities.

Note: It would be interesting to compare the strengths and weaknesses of two different heuristic strategies in AI systems architecture of the neural network with working autonomously the software package, built on the methodology of TRIZ in an adversarial game in backgammon, checkers, chess, poker or other games.

Such a comparison would provide material for the mutual improvement of these technologies, and, possibly, for the creation of hybrid schemes of AI systems that combine or complement both heuristic methods.

Some obstacle to the creation of an autonomously working software package based on the TRIZ methodology is the insufficient formalization of this methodology in terms of mathematical logic ("Fuzzy Logic").

6.13.16.6. Graphic diagram of the Karpman Triangle.

Object 2 (or Process 2) is defined (the role of the conditional "Victim").

(The benefit of the 'Victim' is the attention, care, and compassion of others, as well as the ability to shift responsibility onto others.)

(In the role of 'Object 1' and 'Object 2' in various confrontations can become: territory, natural resources, space resources, power, influence, real estate, property, property rights, means of production, production technology, sales technology, exploitation technology, 'holy' places for various religions, 'holy monuments, gifts, relics, objects' for various religions, virtual digital images and objects in cyberspace, funds in non-cash digital accounts, tokens, stocks, futures, promissory notes, patents, trademarks and service marks, discoveries in science, know-how ideas, copyright objects, copyright rights, state and commercial secrets, secrets, digital encryption keys, commercial enterprise, vanity, awards in competitions and contests, money, artifacts, luxury goods, art objects, health, life, people, children, animals, etc.).

Subject 1 = Object 1 is defined (the conditional role of the "Persecutor", "Aggressor").

(The 'Pursuer' are looking for the 'wrong' in order to punish them and restore 'justice'.

They demonstrate 'righteous' anger, resentment, offended pride, irritation).

Subject 2 = Object 2 is defined (the role of the conditional "Rescuer, Peacemaker").

(Often, but not always, the Rescuer, Peacemaker's motive is a sense of self-worth and importance).

(The roles of 'Subject 1' and 'Subject 2' may be: states, political parties, communities of people (united on any basis, for example, religious, ethnic, subculture, profession, hobby, sports, relative, ...), commercial organizations, departments of organizations, employees, military personnel, criminogenic persons, criminogenic communities , student, teacher, boss, subordinate, coach, athlete, seller, buyer, strangers, neighbors, relatives, family members, 'parts of one personality' (intrapersonal conflicts), etc.).

► 1.

   Object 2 (or Process 2) = Subject 2.   (Object 1 (or Process 1) = Subject 1).

     6.13.17. TRIZ AS A CLASS OF NON-CLASSICAL LOGICS.

     Logic as a science has developed over two and a half millennia and has given rise to entire groups of logics (Classical, Mathematical, Non-classical, Philosophical), which combine many different logics.

     `De facto` Heinrich Saulovich Altshuller created `LOGIC CLASS elimination (bypass, avoidance) of the contradiction (conflict) requirements existing in the system (structure)`, which, with the appropriate mathematical formalization, should take its place in science (perhaps in the group of Non-classical logics).

     This `LOGIC CLASS` is a set of logical deductive and inductive PATTERNS.

     TRIZ can also be considered as a partially formalized 'metalanguage' for describing problems and presenting statements, which can be used by problem researchers and inventors.

     With this TRIZ `metalanguage`, you can describe problems and present statements about:
     - structures;
     - natural phenomena;
     - artificially created processes;
     - additional data (metadata) used to describe existing data.

     Note:

     The concept of `metalanguage` was introduced by the Polish mathematician Alfred Tarski.

     When describing a problem in an entry-level language (object language), it is difficult to define concepts of `false` and `true`.

     Assessing the truth of statements about objects and processes is possible in a superstructure - a 'metalanguage', which determines the next level of logical thinking.

     The “BLACK BOX” model from cybernetics and cybernetic experiment (Sergiy Pichugin) are also used.
     At present, work on the development, formalization, practical application of this type of logic for solving specific problems is being continued by his students, colleagues and followers in many countries.

       THE UNITY of diametrically opposite ACTIONS (FUNCTIONS) lies in the fact that they have the same source of origin - the Subject (without the Subject, ACTIONS (FUNCTIONS) are impossible).

       A unique feature of the methodology and logic of solving the problem in ARIZ is that a logical model ('logical framework') of solving the problem is formed, in which initial REAL data are introduced and final HYPOTHETICAL (DESIRED) data and parameters are formed, such as:

       - 'DESIRED ACTION' (useful function) and 'UNDESIRABLE ACTION' (harmful function, opposite function, anti-action);

       - Subject, is it someone or something who performs these two diametrically OPPOSITE ACTIONS;

       - Objects or processes affected by the Subject, their parts, properties, fields, methods, attributes, etc.;

       - CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) that arises between these two diametrically OPPOSED ACTIONS;

       - Aggravation of a CONTRADICTION (CONFLICT) , inversion of an 'UNDESIRABLE ACTION' (harmful function, anti-action) into a neutral or useful ACTION (function);

       - Formation of a hypothetical Ideal Final Result (IFR);

       - Formation of requirements for the parameter of the X-element (Subject-modifier) - substance or method (function) (it can be - substance, physical field / energy / effect, time intervals, chemical bond / energy / effect, mathematical / engineering / technical method, method from other fields of knowledge));

       At this stage, the formation of a logical model ('logical framework') for solving the problem is completed.

       This is followed by the stage of searching for the parameter of the X-element (Subject-modifier) by the techniques, means and 'tools' of TRIZ.

       The solutions found are evaluated for their closest approximation to the Ideal Final Result (IFR), as well as the possibility of practical implementation and acceptable cost. And finally, the final choice of an acceptable solution is made.

      6.13.18. The best methods of activating creativity.

       6.13.19. NOTE from Leonid Chechurin:

       In contrast to the final, mathematically determined description of a real system, TRIZ offers a rather `soft form` of a preliminary description of the `ideal` system model and requirements for it, which helps to perceive the problem under study (in the `ideal` system model) in a more general form, and, when searching for the `Ideal Final Result` (IFR), use other, already discovered, methods or principles (`templates`) from other fields of knowledge.

      The rules and logic of describing in `soft form` such an `ideal` system model allow you to create some combinations of elements of a complex system, internal or external resources, which may be suitable for solving the problem under consideration.

      6.13.20. NOTE from Sergiy Pichugin:

      Preliminarily, the uncertain internal structure of a Complex System (CS) can be represented as "BLACK BOX", (What is Black Box?), (Cybernetic experiment), (Cybernetics).

      In systems theory, a black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system that can be viewed solely in terms of its input stimuli and output responses.

      `The design and structure of the box are completely irrelevant to the approach under consideration, which is purely external or phenomenological. In other words, only the behavior of the system will be taken into account` — Mario Bunge.

      American mathematician, one of the founders of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener (1894 - 1964) , working with engineers, doctors, biologists, he realized the deep internal unity of many problems arising in different fields. (Cybernetics).

      It turned out that many of the processes being studied or systems being designed are described by the same mathematical models and suggest similar ways to solve the problems.

      Moreover, in many cases, a controlled or studied system can be considered as a “BLACK BOX”, which in response to given influences gives certain reactions, regardless of what is inside this “box”.

      This “BLACK BOX” model made it possible to introduce the concept of feedback and build conceptual and mathematical models for many areas of knowledge.

      When researching and clarifying the problem, a model of a complete CS is built (the internal structure of the cybernetic model of the `BLACK BOX` is clarified).

      In such a model of a complete CS, along with the elements that form a set of Elementary Systems (ES), it is desirable to include both the Researcher and the Customer (Consumer), or more precisely, information about his requirements.

      The process of transforming an Object (resource) into a CS is complemented by the transformation of the necessary information that the Consumer (Customer) supplies to the Researcher at the input of the CS.

      The functioning of the CS performs the main task and has the main input and output (final result).

      Each of the 2 elements of the ES that are part of the CS can act as an input or output, depending on the given scenario (algorithm).

      In the ES included in the CS, intermediate tasks are performed and there are intermediate inputs and outputs (the intermediate results of which, along a chain of cause-and-effect relationships, affect the main output (final result))

      The process of solving a problem includes an algorithm for optimizing solutions (with the participation of Subject 2 (modifier) influencing the Subject in the root ES), and this is a closed cycle, where from the output of the root ES (or through a chain of cause-and-effect relationships from the main output (final result)) information should be supplied to the input of the CS - what consequences are undesirable.

      Feedback (negative) is necessary and inevitable.

      Partially, this issue is resolved by the Researcher independently.

      But he cannot know what consequences are undesirable for the Customer, and the Customer does not know what consequences may arise.

      Therefore, it seems important to have a section on psychology, where this circuit (Customer - Researcher) should work.

      In this case, the solution to the problem manifests itself as the achievement of a mutually voluntary agreement with a mutual refusal of part of the presented requirements (compromise, impossibility of achieving the Ideal End Result (IFR)) or reformatting the Task under completely different conditions.

      And the reformatting of the Task is precisely the action of feedback - within the CS (in the Customer - Researcher circuit) or outside the CS.

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