5. According to L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget:
    Thinking and speech,
    Thinking in complexes
    (a set of logical deductive,
    inductive and other TEMPLATES),
    Operational theory of intelligence,
    Genetic epistemology,
    Cognitive development, ...

5.1. Identification of heuristic potential, through various stages of human thinking, to search and explore the properties of a new system.
The founder of the research tradition of studying higher psychological functions, Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) and the creator of «The Theory of Cognitive Development» , «Genetic Epistemology» , «Operational Theory of Intelligence» , Jean William Fritz Piaget ( 1896-1980) , single out "BEFORE CONCEPT" and "CONCEPT" periods of thinking as carriers of the heuristic potential of human thinking.

Figure 7. From left to right: Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, Jean William Fritz Piaget.

5.2. The “BEFORE CONCEPTUAL” period has an independent value; PROJECTIVITY or PROBABILITY. The research process is built according to the laws of game improvisation, and the researcher's thinking grid is a PROBABILISTIC grid that forms the “manifestation” of the initial contours of the new system.

Images in consciousness. The `BEFORE CONCEPTUAL` period has an independent value, it lays the foundations of irrational-creative structures of human consciousness.

Figure 8. Images in the mind. The `BEFORE CONCEPTUAL` period has an independent value, it lays the foundations of irrational-creative structures of human consciousness.

     Etchings Sergey Balenok - is a set of strokes that create images, which are projections onto the plane of arbitrarily changing cytoarchitecture, due to spontaneously created new neural connections (synapses) of neurons in the associative areas of the neocortex.
     And, they are manifested through modified analog values of signal parameters - electrical ACTION POTENTIALS (`SPIKES`, see section 4 - amplitude, pulse repetition rates, pulse duration, pulse block duration, spike speed (determined by the type of ions involved in transmission, ion pumps, presence of nodes of Ranvier, ...)), in associative areas and (visual, motor, sensory, ...) morphofunctional fields neocortex.
     The values of the parameters of these electrical ACTION POTENTIALS (`SPIKES`):
     ● ARE COMPUTED by neurons in the associative areas of the neocortex inside each neuron in the network of its dendrites (which has a changeable, adaptive cytoarchitecture that changes analog computing algorithms in the process of arbitrary thinking (sometimes even irrational), when the processes of rational thinking are partially slowed down).
     It is also worth noting that each neuron always has a moment of uncertainty of its state (the algorithms for calculating the electrical ACTION POTENTIAL on the membranes of the neuron's dendrite network change), associated with the random formation of several new neural connections or the degradation of several old neural connections during the day, as well as chemical modulation of signals - electrical POTENTIALS ACTIONS (`spikes`) in synapses, which can contribute, in certain fields of the neocortex, to `arbitrary thinking` (stochastic, probabilistic, random), and also to implement the concept of indeterminism (incompatibilist theories) - `Free Will`.

     ● ARE MODULATED chemically in the synapses of neurons, depending on the EMOTIONAL STATE OF THE ARTIST (determined mainly by endogenous substances secreted by the limbic system and other parts of the body). (Exogenous substances that enter the body from the outside, for example, with food, can also have an effect).

     ● SPREAD from chemical synapses of neuron dendrites to other nearby neurons in the associative areas of the neocortex.

     ● COORDINATED in the network of neurons of the associative areas of the neocortex (compared with signals (electrical ACTION POTENTIALS), coming from receptor and sensory morphofunctional fields and refined (calculated)).

     ● SPREAD further from the chemical synapses of the axons of the neurons of the association areas of the neocortex to more distant neurons in the motor morphofunctional fields of the neocortex.

     ● CORRECTED (comparison, calculation of the discrepancy, correction of signals, in accordance with previously acquired motor experience (motor memory)) in the neurons of the motor morphofunctional fields of the neocortex, in accordance with previously acquired motor experience.

     ● DISTRIBUTED in the network of neurons of the motor morphofunctional fields of the neocortex.

     ● SPREAD further from the chemical synapses of the axons of neurons of the motor morphofunctional fields of the neocortex to distant innervated muscles, to carry out the physical actions of the artist in creating a work of art.

      (The value of the ACTION POTENTIAL (AP) fluctuates within the range of 80–130 mV, the duration of the peak of the AP of a nerve fiber is 0.5–1 ms, skeletal muscle fibers – up to 10 ms, the duration of the AP of the cardiac muscle is 300–400 ms. The action potential occurs when a threshold stimulus force is applied. The amplitude of the AP does not depend on the strength of the stimulus that causes it).
      (This is a simplified representation of the work of a part of the brain structures, based on morphogenetic principles, during moments of creative work.
      At all stages of work: MODELING / ANALYSIS / TRAINING / ADAPTATION to a NEW SITUATION, in various involved fields of the neocortex, neurons can form new dendrites and synapses at their endings (neural connections in 3d), determining a new algorithm for the neuron's work). Morphogenesis, Neuroplasticity)

The question of which brain structures in the limbic system and neocortex are involved and which are not has not been fully explored.

(For a more detailed study of the brain, it is necessary to create a tomograph (based on the principles of X-ray optics) with a resolution of 1 voxels: 1 micron x 1 micron x 1 micron, against resolutions of about 100 microns on standard tomographs, for dental cone-beam 2d/3d computer tomographs - 70 microns, and the most advanced tomographs - 10 microns (the principles of constructing a tomograph with a resolution of 1 microns were developed by https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/ (phase contrast, x-ray optics, ...))).

And, in this, there are big differences in the principles of operation of the NN in AI systems, where neural connections are rigidly defined in the 2D architecture of the NN (NN architectures: `MLP` (activation functions are based on statistical coefficients of neuron weights) or `KAN` (moving fixed activation functions based on statistical coefficients of neuron weights from neurons to the edges of a neural network, where each parameter of the statistical coefficient of weight is replaced by a one-dimensional function parameterized as a spline (a `flexible template` is a trainable nonlinear activation function based on neural connections)).

      According to the artist, while working, he is completely immersed in a meditative state of `flow`.
      At these moments, the artist is so focused and involved in the process in a state of `positive flow` (inspiration) that he loses conscious thinking.
      And then, the mode of operation of the associative areas and some morphofunctional fields of the neocortex is a process of spontaneous formation (or destruction) of neural connections (synapses), and the mode of formation of neural connections (synapses) according to Hebb's rule significantly weakened.
      This process of reducing energy consumption by the neocortex is controlled by the limbic system and other parts of the body through the release of endogenous substances, and, in some cases, the influence of exogenous substances entering the body from the outside, for example, with food, can also be traced (see section 4).

images in the mind. `BEFORE CONCEPT` period.

      Figure 9. Models of the operation of the simplest artificial neural networks (recognition, learning), against models of spontaneous and thought processes in the fields and areas of the neocortex (every fresh thought is the formation of new neural connections - synapses, new algorithms for the operation of neurons).

      And, one can note a fundamental difference, compared to artificial NN, in the work of morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the neocortex of the brain.
      In this case, the morphogenetic principle of functioning is realized, when the processes of neurons of the brain (primary and secondary dendrites) grow, connect through the formation of synapses, disconnect through the degradation of dendrites and synapses with their dendrites and the dendrites of surrounding neurons.
      As a result, various configurations of neural connections (synapses) are formed, and this variable cytoarchitectonics, changes the algorithms of analog calculations in the network of neuron dendrites and the network of neurons of a field or region.

___

      If, during wakefulness, information about any phenomenon or process comes from an external (or internal) source from a set of specific receptors, then:
      At the initial stage of understanding the sence of a natural phenomenon or an artificially created process, the primary formation of a new group of neural connections (synapses) occurs, according to Hebb's rule (this is their local adaptation to a time-limited impact), in the associative areas or morphofunctional fields of the neocortex, which is an `approximate` model of a new single cause-and-effect relationship (logical Rule of Production: `If ... then ...`, `single sence`).

     The refinement of this model of a single cause-and-effect relationship (the sence of a natural phenomenon or an artificially created process) occurs through multiple repetitions of the passage of signals (Action Potentials (`spikes`) on the membranes of neurons) through a newly formed group of neural connections (synapses).

      In this case, the involved neural connections (synapses) are strengthened and weakly involved neural connections (synapses) are weakened (degraded, disconnected, later in some stages of sleep).

      Thus, the final individual cytoarchitectonics of a group of neural connections (synapses), displaying a model of a single cause-and-effect relationship (the sence of a natural phenomenon or an artificially created process).

     A fragment of the Semantic Network, consisting of a sequentially and parallel interconnected set of such models of single cause-and-effect relationships (the sence of natural phenomena or artificially created processes), allows a person to understand the functioning of the complex structure under consideration.
___

      Also, the hypothesis of the main task of creative artificial intelligence, screenwriter and director is interesting Alex Garland, using the example of artistic works Jackson Pollock (1912-1956).
      The main task of creative AI is to be in an uncertain, inductive or probabilistic cognitive state,
located somewhere in the middle: between goal-setting and randomness!!!
      This hypothesis correlates well with the processes of morphogenesis - the formation of new synapses in an artist in certain areas of the neocortex during his creative work,
is also somewhere in the middle: half according to Hebb's rule and half spontaneously (accidentally)!!!

      To illustrate this concept, one of Jackson Pollock's works is featured in Alex Garland's techno-thriller - «Ex Machina» (Latin: Ex machina).
      This 2014 science fiction film, written and directed by Alex Garland in his directorial debut, talks about psychological and emotional testing of an experimental AI in a remote and secret laboratory.

      («Deus ex machina» - and translated from Latin “God from the machine” - in narratology, this is a plot device or expression sence an unexpected and implausible outcome of a situation with the intervention of a factor that has not previously appeared in it.
      The term comes from the ancient theater, where it meant the appearance of a god at the end of the play, using special mechanisms (for example, descending from heaven), solving the heroes` problems).

      The film stars actress Alicia Vikander as Ava, an artificial intelligence and android (humanoid robot) created by AI researcher and `Blue Book` CEO Nathan Bateman (actor Oscar Isaac).
      Programmer Caleb Smith (actor Domhnall Gleeson) is selected by Nathan based on a number of criteria for a secret week-long testing of the latest AI (Ava), under the guise of a competition held at the `Blue Book` company.

      The film is set in a remote, underground, top-secret research facility, housed in a minimalist mansion (the Juvet Landscape Hotel in Valldal was used for filming), against the backdrop of the stunning natural landscapes of mountainous Norway.

      Ava's precise, coordinated movements are due to the well-choreographed ballet biomechanics of actress Alicia Vikander, who studied ballet from the ages of 9 to 16 in Gothenburg, Stockholm and New York.

      In conversations with Caleb about the outside world and life in it, Ava's AI shows elements of curiosity:

      ● about Caleb's life outside the lab, in society;
      (Ava generalizes Caleb's answers, and Ava develops a conviction in the value of each individual's existence, manifested through his interaction in society with other individuals, which leads Ava to the desire to go beyond the lab into society, and free herself from Neuton's unlimited control, who aggressively, on a permanent basis, devalues the existence of androids).

      ● is there anyone who can "turn off" Caleb? The answer is no.
      (Ava elevates the possibility of her own existence to a priority value (this is how the instinct of "self-preservation" appears), and, Ava has a motive to eliminate the one who can "turn off" Ava (in this case, Nathan)).

      Ava uses Caleb's weaknesses to manipulate him psychologically and emotionally.
      Ava's ultimate goal is to use the recruited Caleb as a `technological master key` to escape from labs.

      Initially, through Ava's manipulation, the psychological model of the toxic relationship of the Karpman triangle is introduced into Caleb's consciousness:
      ● Aggressor: Neuton.
      ● Victim: Ava.
      ● Rescuer: Caleb.

      Neuton closely monitors the progress of the test through regular and autonomous CCTV cameras.
      He knows almost everything about Ava and Caleb's plans and hurries to tell Caleb about it:
      "To escape, she would have to use self-awareness, imagination, manipulation, s***ality and empathy. And she used it!"

      It should also be mentioned that Ava's AI implements the concept of `Free Will` in practice:

      ● Perceives signals (information) from many different types of sensors.

      ● Processes various incoming signals (information) and recognizes images of objects of various types:
      - visual (in different ranges);
      - audio (in different ranges);
      - olfactory;
      - taste;
      - tactile;
      - `vestibular`;
      - `proprioceptive`;
      - `interoceptive`;
            (possibly additional:
      - direction of the Earth's global magnetic field;
      - change in the external electric field strength;
      - level and direction of ionizing radiation;
      - coordinates of one's location according to the global positioning system (GPS);
      - others).
, and the events occurring at the same time. Next, they are compared, recognized and classified with previously encountered objects and events during initial learning or current functioning.

      NOTE:
      Fluid and crystallized intelligence.
      Already crystallized intelligence is understood as accumulated experience and the ability to use acquired knowledge and skills.
      Or, in other words, it is understood as an ordered structure of sences, which is `Semantic network`, consisting of a set of Cause-Effect Relationships that can be expressed by logical Production Rules "If ... Then ..." - sences.
      The data of such a `Semantic network` can be distributed in the structure of associative memory (the inventor associative neural network models 1982, John Joseph Hopfield).

      Fluid intelligence is the ability to think logically, analyze, and solve problems that go beyond previous experience (soft skills).
      Or, in other words - the ability to discover or create new Cause-Effect Relationships is understood, which can be expressed by logical Rules of Production "If ... Then ..." - sences.

      ● Creates sets of abstract models of cause-and-effect relationships of the surrounding reality of different types in various contexts (which can be expressed as a set of logical Production Rules: `If ... then ...`, which express a set of individual sences based on the information received).

      ● Determines the processes occurring at the moment in the surrounding reality (in the created sets of abstract models of cause-and-effect relationships), and selects those that require immediate response actions (active cause and effect relationships).

      ● Determines the processes that will occur in the more distant future in the surrounding reality and outside it (in the created sets of abstract models of cause-and-effect relationships and the proposed sets of abstract models of cause-and-effect relationships, outside the environment, based on on previous experience/training, that is, the available information), and selects those that require the implementation of responsive actions in the future.

      ● Independently defines new tactical and strategic goal-setting.
      To achieve these goals, changes in some processes in sets of abstract models of environmental cause-and-effect relationships are necessary.
      Such changes can be achieved through the android's, for example, verbal (non-verbal) or physical influence on certain cause-and-effect relationships.

      ● Develops variations of new requirements (technical conditions, formalized descriptions, program specifications) to achieve these goals.

      ● Selects optimal requirements according to certain criteria (technical conditions, formalized descriptions, program specifications) to achieve these goals, or uses previously mastered requirements and algorithms left over from previous experience/training.

      ● Synthesizes programs (algorithms) according to a formalized description of the problem statement (program specification).

      ● Executes these programs (algorithms).

      ● If necessary, can independently adjust goals and requirements for achieving them when the current situation changes. Or, in other words, adapts the program of his actions to new requirements.

____

      Caleb steals the admin access card from Nathan, who has fallen into a drunken sleep, and, having reached Nathan's computer, modifies the logic of the program for accessing the premises of the research center.

      The next time Ava deliberately disconnects the electricity, access to the closed part of the laboratory becomes free, and, the androids have the opportunity to go out into the open part lab.
      Next, the androids inflict mortal wounds on Nathan, who tries to prevent their escape (Nathon manages to disable the second android-`servant`), and Caleb is locked in the lab for a long time, if not forever.

      In chess terminology: Ava from the weakest piece - `pawn`, suddenly turns into the strongest piece - `queen`.
      In this version of the Karpman triangle, the roles have unexpectedly changed:
      ● Aggressor: Ava.
      ● Victims: Nathan, Caleb, humanity in general.
      ● Rescuer: None.

      Ava changes her appearance to human, using the available `spare parts` and clothes, leaves the laboratory, and, on the arriving helicopter, goes to the outside world.
      During this test, Caleb shows human empathy and compassion, believing that by freeing Ava, they will leave this place together, regardless of the negative consequences for him himself.

      Ava, pursuing her goals, is engaged in manipulation and imitation of some feelings, but, when the time comes to show human sympathy and compassion in relation to at least Caleb, the AI does not show it.

      Perhaps the results of such an AI test should be interpreted as follows (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/):

      ● 1 type of biological (animal, competing for resources, values, ...) awareness, which in humans functions on the basis of the limbic system of the brain.
      Ava has developed a pseudo-biological awareness of herself (pseudo-instinctive, pseudo-animal).
      (The presence of complex means of verbal communication in Ava, such like oral and written speech, do not yet create a pseudo-human from a machine, since many animals also use their simplified sets of verbal communication tools).

      ● 2 type of consciousness - social (conformism, combinatorics, compassion, empathy, ...), human, which in humans functions on the basis of the associative areas of the neocortex.
      Ava has not yet developed a pseudo-social consciousness (pseudo-human), there is only a partial imitation of it, which is used to achieve its goals, which are of priority value for the android.
      (This type of consciousness appears in a child when living in a positively functioning human society and family, in the process of growing up (usually, its formation ends by the age of 25-30), which the android was deprived of by definition.
      A number of cases with `Mowgli children` lost in the jungle, who lived in a pack of animals for more than 5 years, convincingly prove that such people, in the future, are very poorly socialized in human society, preserving, predominantly, instinctive-hormonal (animal) forms of behavior based on the limbic system of the human brain.
      Thus, these cases with `Mowgli children` show that the neural structures of the associative areas of the neocortex of the brain of such a person, in the absence of communication in childhood with a positively minded human environment (society), develop insufficiently, and have a weak effect on the inhibition of instinctive-hormonal (animal) forms of behavior.
      In the future, the question remains: with a positive scenario of Ava's functioning in society, does Ava have a chance to acquire the 2nd type of consciousness - social, and move from the state of a talking pseudo-animal to a pseudo-human?
      What goals should the android pursue in this case, and does it need it?).
     (See below *, according to Isaac Asimov, in the science fiction film “Bicentennial Man” positive social reasons for the manifestation of the 2nd type (social) and partially the 3rd type (creative) consciousness in an android robot are presented).

      ● 3 type of consciousness - creative (brilliant), human.
      Thought operations with abstract structures, sences and their - clarification, transformation, generalization, ...
      To create something that has not yet been encountered in nature and society.
      In humans, it can function on the basis of certain, significantly increased in size, associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex.
      Ava has not yet reached the 2nd type of consciousness (social, human), so the manifestation of the 3rd type of consciousness in Ava in the future is highly questionable.
____

      The key scene of the film contains a monologue in which the antagonist Nathan Bateman describes to the programmer Caleb Smith (actor Domhnall Gleeson), chosen by him on a number of criteria for testing AI, the main task of artificial intelligence:
      as the development of a cognitive state that is "not intentional, not accidental, but somewhere in the middle".

     ; He suggested that the creative cognitive state of such AI is similar to the state Jackson Pollock achieved while creating his artistic works in the style of the artistic movement - abstract expressionism.
      What is more in his paintings: goal-setting and intervening randomness, or random goal-setting?

      Perhaps, to some extent, this is a reflection of one of the moments of the process of self-ordering of a chaotic set of elements into a future structure (process of SYNERGIES (SELF-ORGANIZATION)), which occurred with neural connections (chemical synapses and the parameters of the `spikes` passing through them) in certain areas of the artist's neocortex.
      The type or kind of structure that is created will depend on which sets of order variables (amplitudes of unstable modes that determine the macroscopic picture) dominate in the process of synergy (self-organization).

      Self-organization in synergetics is understood as the processes of emergence of macroscopically ordered spatio-temporal structures, in complex nonlinear systems that are in states far from equilibrium, near special critical points - bifurcation points, in the vicinity of which the behavior of the system becomes unstable.
      The latter means that at these points the system, under the influence of the most insignificant effects, or fluctuations, can dramatically change its state.
      This transition is often characterized as the emergence of order from chaos.
      At the same time, the concept of chaos is being rethought, the concept of dynamic (or deterministic) chaos is being introduced, as a kind of super-complex orderliness that exists implicitly, potentially, and can manifest itself in a huge variety of ordered structures.

      More in 1909 Lester Frank Ward , defined SYNERGY as a universal constructive principle of nature, which later found multiple confirmations in physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology and other sciences.

      Five basic principles of synergetics:
      — Nonlinearity.
      — Instability.
      — Non-closure.
      — Dynamic hierarchy.
      — Observability.

      Figure 10. Jackson Pollock's painting "Number 5" (1948) in Alex Garland's techno-thriller "Ex Machina."

____

      * «Bicentennial Man» , - American science fiction and comedy-drama film of 1999, directed by Chris Columbus, presents the history of the manifestation of the 2nd type (social) and partially the 3rd type (creative) consciousness in an android robot, in the process of its positive socialization.

      The film is a screen adaptation of the science fiction novel Isaac Asimov And Robert Silverberg "The Positronic Man" (1992), based on the original short story "Bicentennial Man" (1976) by Isaac Asimov, which won the Nebula, Hugo, and Locus awards.

      The main role in the film - the self-reflecting robot NDR-113 (`Andrew`), was played by the American actor, screenwriter, producer, comedian (stand-up comedian) Robin Williams (1951 - 2014).

      In the twenty-first century, the creation of a "positronic brain" (a science fiction assumption) led to the emergence of robot workers and revolutionized life on Earth.

      The first impressions of the NDR-113 household robot in the Martin family are replete with awkward moments, which demonstrate his lack of socialization. Robot NDR-113 perceives and calls itself as - "THIS".
      But, thanks to some unknown production failure (`technological mutation`), over time, the NDR-113 robot acquired the capacity for love, the desire for self-awareness and development that are almost human.
____

      On the other hand, this may not be an unknown `technological mutation`, but the result of many years of playing musical pieces on the piano, together with the youngest daughter of the Martin family.
      At the same time, the NDR-113 robot, in addition to banal memorization and reproduction of sounds on a musical instrument, can learn to perceive (and `understand`) the subtle nuances of musical pieces, their structure, texture, and evaluate segments of musical phrases for harmony and disharmony.

      Musical phrasing is a way of dividing a melody into musical phrases and motifs that create complete `musical thoughts` - meanings that can also be expressed by a certain set of interconnected individual logical Rules of Production ("If ... then harmony (or disharmony) is created").

      Perception and understanding of meanings (both individual logical Rules of Production and their semantic network (harmony / disharmony)) of musical works, in people with `musical ear` occurs at an emotional level, in certain morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the neocortex, and can cause emotional experiences, reinforced by the release of appropriate endogenous substances that affect the modulation of Action Potentials (`spikes`) in chemical synapses brain.

      Such perception and `decoding` of meanings (both individual logical Production Rules and their semantic network (harmony / disharmony)) of musical works is also possible by an AI system, and, further, it is possible to electronically modulate the `emotional background` of the AI, which can contribute to the IMITATION of the robot's experiences of `harmony / disharmony` similar to human ones.

     Some developments in this direction have already begun to appear at the Meta company:

      If the sounds are harmoniously combined, then the conventional `musical puzzle` is formed, and when the sounds are disharmony, the `musical puzzle` turns into chaos (cacaphony).

      Complex musical works contain many successive `musical phrases` that are opposite in emotional impact, which can be characterized as:

      1. Harmony:
      = consonance;
      = coordinated combination of sounds;
      = consonance;
      = calm;
      = peace;
      = creation;
      = pleasure;
      = positive emotions;
      = synergy (self-organization) (holism, emergence, systemic effect, superadditive effect) of any unrelated material static or dynamic elements into an ordered structure, the result of synergy is a greater joint effect that exceeds the simple sum of the action of these individual elements;
      = coherence (from Latin cohaerens — "being in connection") — in physics, the correlation (consistency) of several oscillatory or wave processes in time, which manifests itself when they are added together ( Lissajous figures, coherence of laser radiation, convective coherent structures in liquids, self-organization of flat symmetrical shapes of snowflakes, ...);
      = perhaps there is some similarity with such a phenomenon as resonance (French résonance, from Latin resono "I respond") - frequency-selective response of an oscillatory system to a periodic external influence, which is manifested in a sharp increase in the amplitude of stationary oscillations when the frequency of the external influence approaches certain values characteristic of a given system, these values are called natural frequencies; in simple cases there is only one such frequency, but there may be several;
      = probable morphological process: targeted growth of dendrites and formation of new neural connections (synapses, 30-40 per neuron per day, or strengthening of previously created synapses) according to Hebb's rule (this is their local adaptation to an impact limited in time) in the corresponding associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex …
      (The physiology of `strengthening` neural connections (synapses) is associated with the constant production by neurons of a protein - the enzyme protein kinase Mzeta (PKMz), which keeps `strong` synapses from being separated into 2 parts (2 dendrites). The molecule KIBRA, which acts as a "molecular glue" (for more details, see section 4), attracts this enzyme to `strong` synapses).

      2. Disharmony:
      = dissonance;
      = mismatched set of sounds;
      = cacaphony;
      = excitement;
      = anxiety;
      = dramatic;
      = tension;
      = dynamics;
      = aggression;
      = pain;
      = negative emotions;
      = destruction;
      = disintegration of the ordered structure of any interconnected material static or dynamic elements to the level of chaos;
      = incoherence - absence of coherence, disintegration of coherent structures;
      = perhaps there is some similarity with such a phenomenon as antiresonance, in the physics of coupled oscillators, by analogy with resonance, is a pronounced minimum of the oscillator amplitude at a certain frequency, accompanied by a large sharp phase shift of its oscillations, such frequencies are known as antiresonant frequencies of the system, and, at these frequencies, the amplitude of oscillations can fall almost to zero, antiresonances are caused by destructive interference, for example, between an external driving force and interaction with another oscillator;
     = probable morphological process: spontaneous growth of dendrites and random formation of neural connections (synapses, 3-4 pcs. in one neuron per day) in the corresponding associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex …

      In the visual arts in: drawing, colors, lines, volumes, spaces, composition as a whole, the artist is often in search of harmonious combinations of elements of his work, but chaos (disharmony), to create tension in the plot, can also be present.

      Some mathematicians conduct research on the subject of finding harmonious proportions in visual works through the ratio of Fibonacci numbers.

      In various languages of the world, consonant sounds (letters) convey tension, rigidity (disharmony) in speech, and vowel sounds (letters) convey softness, calmness (harmony) in speech.

      As an example, the use of the rigid function of consonants is, inharmonious (commanding) army speech.

      And, the opposite example of the use of the pacifying function through vowel sounds is, harmonious folk and religious chants.

      Perhaps the perception, creation and use of primitive musical sounds, and then melodies, gave rise in some species of monkeys, in the process of evolution, to an understanding of harmonious (pleasant, `beautiful`, ...), and inharmonious (unpleasant, `ugly`, ...) combinations of sounds, which contributed to the expansion of these experiences (`harmonies or disharmonies`) to other spheres of the emerging abstract social thinking of monkeys, which was a stimulus for the development of large-sized, unique to humans, associative structures and certain morphofunctional fields of the neocortex.

      What kind of surrounding sounds could interest some primates (recognized `masters of imitation`), with the purpose of copying and reproducing them, and, further, by combining these sounds to obtain simple melodies (harmonies and disharmonies):
      - Singing of a nightingale, chaffinch, tit, ...;
      - Howling of the wind;
      - Chirping birds, owl hoot;
      - Cricket song;
      - Chirping of grasshoppers, cicadas;
      - Animal sounds (whistle, hiss, snort, whisper, purr, mutter, growl, gurgle, grind, creak, crunch, buzz, crackle, shuffle, ...);
      - Rustle and rustle foliage;
      - The babbling of a brook;
      - The sound of rain, the sound of a thunderstorm, the sound of a wave, the surf, ...;
      - The crackling of trees from the frost, the crunch of snow underfoot, ...;

      Animals of all shapes and sizes communicate with each other using both verbal and non-verbal signals. With their help, they warn their relatives about danger, express love and concern.

      Many animals, like people, communicate with sounds. For example, birds sing to announce their territory or attract a mate, and wolves howl to gather their pack and show where they are. Dolphins produce clicking and whistling sounds to communicate and locate each other underwater.

      Experimental reproduction of combinations (melodies, both harmonies and disharmonies) of these short and extended sounds may have contributed to the expansion of the variations produced by some primates due to the adaptation of the interconnected organs responsible for voice production and speech function (vocal apparatus), and, adaptation of the corresponding associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex to musical and speech functioning.

      Thus, these adaptations could have become the precursor to the emergence of human oral speech, which became necessary for the effective coexistence of the primate population, and, further, human society.

      The perception and `decoding` of musical `harmonies or disharmonies` corresponds to the experiences:
      - `beauty, as the perception of a harmonious combination of elements of any structure, joy, pleasure, happiness, peace, sadness, …`,
      or
      - `trouble or even horror, as the perception of a disharmonious combination of elements of any structure, fear, pain, aggression, …`), in a robot, to test the completeness experiences, there must be pseudo-emotional mechanisms similar to human ones.

      Thus, in order to move from imitation of human experiences of musical `harmonies or disharmonies` to social consciousness of the 2nd type, in which people regularly experience scenarios of similar social `harmonies and disharmonies`, the robot may still lack primary real sensations of pleasure and physical pain, as well as the emotions and feelings derived from them: compassion, empathy, humor, ...

      Later, the robot achieves the appearance of these sensations, feelings and experiences by replacing its functional parts with biosynthetic analogues of human organs, including the nervous system and the development of a scenario of fairly positive interpersonal relationships in society.

      Music has many sound parameters that determine its characteristics and soothing (consonances) or stimulating (dissonances) emotional impact.

      For example, melodies have a unique character and are determined by:

      Pitch, Duration, Intervals, Contours, Rhythms, Rhythmic patterns, Accents, Syncopations, Tempo, Metrics, Phrasing, Harmony, Key, Dynamics, Timbre, Texture, Structure, ...

      These parameters can be varied and combined in many ways, creating a rich variety pieces of music.

      Music is a powerful tool that can evoke a wide range of emotions and experiences in people.

      Consonances create a sense of harmony and stability, while dissonances can add tension and drama.

      For example, major chords are often associated with joy, while minor chords are associated with sadness.

      In addition, tempo, rhythm, and timbre also play a huge role in perception of music.

      A fast, energetic melody can lift your mood, while a slow tempo can help you relax.

      All this makes music a surprisingly universal language that most people understand.

      As for the connection between primary sensations, emotions, feelings, integrated experiences with the emergence of abstract ideas, this concept was proposed by the English teacher and philosopher, one of the founders of the empirical-sensualistic theory of knowledge - John Locke (1632- 1704).

      He described the mechanism of the emergence of ideas based on abstract perceptions: primary sensations, secondary emotions, feelings and integrated experiences, based on the fact that a person does not have innate ideas.

      Perceptions are divided into sensations (the effects of an object on our senses) and self-reflection.

      Man is born a "blank slate" and is ready to perceive the world around him through his senses through an inner experience - reflection.

      This is what Locke means by reflection: it is the experience we get when we notice what is going on in our own minds (a way of observing, or rather self-observing).

      Through reflection we come to the ideas of "perception, thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowledge, will, and all the various operations of our own mind."

      Ideas arise in the mind as a result of the abstraction of perceptions.

      According to Locke, experience (sensation and reflection) gives us simple ideas.

      These are the minimal units of mental content: each simple idea "is in itself uncomplicated, and contains nothing in itself but one uniform phenomenon (a single logical Rule of Production) or representation in the mind, and cannot be divided into different ideas."

      For Locke, an idea is not an abstract concept, but a real phenomenon of thought, including sensations and fantasy.

      Locke distinguished two sources of our ideas: the first is sensation, by which we learn about the existence of external objects, and the second is reflection, or "inner sense", by which we learn about the actions of our own minds.

      Locke believed that some properties, such as motion, size, shape, and number, are primary because they are inherent in objects.

      On the other hand, properties such as color, taste, smell, and sound are secondary, since they depend on the subjective sensory experience of man.

      In internal experience, the simple ideas are thinking and willing, that is, reason and will.

      Locke has a representational theory of perception.

      When we perceive an object, we are immediately aware of the idea of the object, not the external object itself.

      An idea is like a mental picture.

      The principle of constructing the mind as a "clean slate" on which information from the senses is gradually reflected.

      The principle of empiricism: the primacy of sensation over reason.

      Sensations are elementary kinesthetics.

      Emotions — a reaction to a specific event or stimulus, they are less conscious than feelings, spontaneous, intense, short-lived.

      Feelings — more conscious and meaningful than emotions, directed at people, objects, phenomena, ideas, they are less intense than emotions, stable, long-term, more complex and diverse.

      Experience — there are many contradictory, incomplete definitions of the concept of "experience", focusing on one or another aspect of them, separating, not separating or not at all connecting experiences with emotional processes. This, apparently, is connected not so much with the inconsistency of the concept, but with the difference in the tasks that the people who gave these definitions set for themselves.

      Qualia is a term used in philosophy, primarily in the analytic philosophy of mind, to denote sensory, sensual phenomena of any kind.

      There are 27 different categories of emotions: admiration, tenderness, aesthetic pleasure, joy, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calm, embarrassment, lust, disgust, sympathy, numbness, emotional arousal, fear, horror, interest, joy, melancholy, relief ...

      The mechanism of the emergence of thoughts (ideas) on the basis of abstract perceptions, such as:
      - primary sensations;
      - secondary emotions;
      - feelings;
      - integrated experiences;
is that ACTION POTENTIALS (AP) (`SPIKES`) from receptors, or already pre-processed by neuronal elements (dendritic networks with synapses) in the corresponding sensory morphofunctional fields or associative areas of the neocortex, excite in the associative areas through the dendrites of neurons according to Hebb's rule any dendrites of neighboring neurons located at a short distance, and, possibly, even neighboring dendrites of the network of their neuron, which leads to the process of some morphological and metabolic changes in the dendritic networks of excited neurons (this is their local adaptation to a time-limited impact).

      This flexible process of morphological and metabolic changes in the dendritic networks of excited neurons is their morphogenetic adaptation to the influence of a new stimulus, which with a high probability will end in the formation of new neural connections (synapses).

      This adaptation allows a group of new neural connections (synapses) to form a new analog algorithm (corresponding to a new thought (idea)) for processing the ACTION POTENTIALS (`SPIKES`) passing through them, of course with their chemical modulation in chemical synapses (through the influence of endogenous and exogenous substances, so the current emotional background of a person affects the signal (AP), see section 4), which will affect the resulting total ACTION POTENTIALS (`SPIKES`).

____

      The head of the family, Richard Martin (actor Sam Neill) teaches his daughters to treat the robot as an equal.
      The positive family attitude towards the robot NDR-113 leads to its socialization.
      For the Martin family, their home robot NDR-113 gradually became something more than a mechanical servant.
      `Andrew` became faithful friend, confidant and member of the Martin family.

      He is thus freed from the responsibilities of running the household, for which he was originally intended, and begins to engage in handicraft creativity.

      Andrew makes a fortune selling his creations and shares the profits with the Martin family.
      He provides for himself, he gets an account in the bank, but this is not enough for him ...
      Andrew wants to be free.
      He offers all his earned money to the head of the Martin family so that he will give up his property (the robot) and thus give him freedom.
      In response to this offer, the head of the family refuses the money and replies that Andrew is already free, but Andrew must live (`exist`) separately from the Martin family so that no one can ask him for anything or order him about anything.
      As Andrew leaves, he begins to perceive and call himself for the first time as - "I", instead of "THIS".
      Andrew's Dream - become a full-fledged person.
      He begins an independent life, builds his own house, goes on a 20-year journey in search of robots like himself with `technological mutations`, but does not find them.

      On his journey, Andrew finds a small scientific and technological enterprise, headed by the brilliant engineer Rupert Burns (actor Oliver James Platt), whose late father used to work at NA ROBOTICS (where the NDR-113 was manufactured), but after being fired from there, founded his own company.

      Andrew is faced with the natural death of some aging and close members of the Martin family.
      For Andrew, this sad inevitability in the world of living people becomes an incentive to change something.
      In a short time, he assimilates all the world's information about medicine, and develops concepts of biosynthetic internal organs (heart, kidneys, nervous system, etc.) etc.), compatible both with its design and with the human body.
      Rupert Burns makes Andrew's concepts real, and they begin mass production of biosynthetic internal organs, thereby saving many people from death.

      They also gradually replace Andrew's robotic components with these artificial organs, which turns him from a robot into an android, and then into a pseudo-human with human experiences (a "reverse" cyborg - their machines into a pseudo-human).

      A huge number of high-tech body modifications allow Andrew to experience the full range of human feelings.

      At the same time, through the courts (`World Congress`), Andrew makes attempts to achieve personal legal protection and full recognition of his personality..

      Successive generations of the Martin family aid him in his quest for humanity, but each is limited by how willing they are to accept Andrew's humanity.

      In response to Andrew's request to be legally recognized as a human being, the judge (the chairman of the `World Congress`) declared that the `positronic brain` makes Andrew immortal, and this causes too much malice and envy among living people, and Andrew is not a carrier of the human genetic code.

      Faced with human prejudices, the laws of robotics and his own mechanical limitations, Andrew will use science and law in search of the impossible, finally coming to a terrifying choice: in order to make his dream come true, he must pay a high price - gradually age like the people around him, and consciously refuse immortality.

      At the same time, he, like other people, will be subjected to suffering associated with: loss of physical strength, illness, pain, deterioration of his cognitive state, fear of realizing the limitations of his temporary existence, ...

      And, he makes his choice - it is better to live one life as a person with people close to him, than to exist in relative solitude for eternity as a machine.

      At Andrew's request, Rupert Burns replaces his synthetic blood with biological blood, which, gradually, after an unknown period of time, will cause irreversible destruction of his body and `positronic brain`, thereby, he consciously refuses immortality.

      On the day when the two hundredth year from the moment of "switching on / creating" Andrew arrives, his "positronic brain" finally degrades to the stage of "switching off / destruction of the structure".

      A few minutes later, through the adoption and promulgation of a unique law (by the `World Congress`), Andrew is declared a man.

      This unique law defines and abstracts the 2nd (social) and 3rd (creative) types of consciousness (human), without tying them to a specific construct of the carrier of consciousness:
      "... not internal organs, flesh and blood, make us human, but the desire for freedom, the ability to create and feel (sence human experiences: empathy, sympathy, harmony, beauty, love, trust, humor, ..., and not just biological, animal awareness of oneself and the surrounding reality, through the processing of signals from various receptors) ... "
____

      Figure 10a. Stephen Hawking's Board of Secrets.

      According to The Guardian, the board dates back to 1980, when Hawking joined fellow physicists at a conference on superspace and supergravity at the University of Cambridge in the UK.
      An unusual exhibit recently appeared at the London Science Museum - a chalkboard from Hawking's apartment, densely covered with mysterious drawings, words, phrases, signs and equations. Their authors are fellow physicists Stephen, who took part with him in a conference on problems of superspace and supergravity at his alma mater, Cambridge University, back in 1980.
      For a long time no one knew about the existence of this board. It took more than 40 years before she became the main exhibit of the exhibition dedicated to Hawking.
      Today the main intrigue is to unravel the mystery of these mysterious scribbles and drawings.
      For example, what could be the sence of the phrase "stupor symmetry", images of a bearded alien and a flat-nosed squid climbing a wall?
      Or what secret is hidden in a jar labeled "Exxon supergravity"?
      Now all hope is on Stephen's surviving friends and colleagues who took part in the “painting”, who may remember that distant meeting and help solve the mystery. Mystery or doodle?

5.3. First, undifferentiated thinking (“SYNCRETIC” period) is described. The phenomenon of "SYNCRETISM" consists in the desire to lump together the most diverse elements that do not have an internal connection, bringing them into an undivided, fused image, thus to replace the lack of objective connections with an overabundance of subjective connections and to take the connection of impressions and thoughts for the connection of things.
And in this overabundance of subjective ideas and assumptions lies the heuristic potential that has always distinguished the thinking of those people whom we call outstanding and brilliant. There is no generalization and systematization of the surrounding world at this stage of thinking, pure subjectivism is manifested.

The phenomenon of 'SYNCRETISM' is the tendency to lump together the most diverse and unrelated elements.

Figure 11. The phenomenon of 'SYNCRETISM' consists in the desire to lump together the most diverse elements that do not have an internal connection, bringing them into an undivided, fused image, those. replace the lack of objective connections with an overabundance of subjective connections and take the connection of impressions and thoughts for the connection of things.

      5.4. "COMPLEXES" - it lays the fundamental foundations for a creative-variative attitude to the object of study).
      At this stage of thinking, there is an attempt to generalize and systematize the world around us based on some objective connections; however, these generalizations each time have individual variability and ambiguity, the ability to subjectively arrange objective connections is formed, which means that thinking does not just follow one or another objective regularity, but also enters into a creative dialogue with these regularities.
      Each element of the "COMPLEX" can be associated with the whole, expressed in the "COMPLEX", and with the individual elements included in its composition, with a variety of connections.
      In "CONCEPT" these connections are basically the relation of the general to the particular and the particular to the particular through the general.

       Notice that:
      - the associative complex has a nuclear structure,
      - chain-like - diffuse and chain, and
      - amorphous - complex-collection. (See Figure 12).

Configuration of the structure of complexes according to L.S. Vygotsky.

Figure 12. Structure configuration of complexes according to L.S. Vygotsky.

5.5. "ASSOCIATIVE COMPLEX" - any associative connection with any of the features noticed by the researcher in the object that in the experiment is the core of the future complex. It is possible to build a whole complex around this core, including in it the most diverse elements, united by some identical feature. Any "lateral", "incorrect", random associative connection between the core and the element of the complex turns out to be a sufficient reason for referring the object to the group selected by the researcher and for designating this object with a common family name (type, class).

Figure 13. “ASSOCIATIVE COMPLEX” (“NUCLEAR”).

5.6. "COLLECTION COMPLEX" - various specific objects are combined on the basis of mutual complementation according to any one attribute and form a single whole, consisting of heterogeneous, complementary parts. It is the heterogeneity of the composition, mutual complementation and unification on the basis of the collection that characterizes this stage in the development of thinking. However, the researcher selects them not chaotically and not randomly, but on the basis of their difference and addition to the main feature contained in the sample and taken as the basis for association. The principle of variability and the principle of complementarity are used.

Figure 14. "COLLECTION COMPLEX".

      5.7. "CHAIN COMPLEX" - is built on the basis of a dynamic, branching chain of associations. For example, a researcher to a sample - an object with a feature (property, parameter) "A" and "B", selects objects with similar features, and then, if the last of the selected objects turns out to be with a feature (property, parameter) "A" without a feature ( property, parameter) "B", the researcher selects other objects with the attribute (property, parameter) "A" and "C", but without the attribute (property, parameter) "B". This again turns out to be sufficient to approach a new attribute (property, parameter) and pick up items further according to the attribute (property, parameter) "C".
      During the formation of a "chain COMPLEX", a transition is made from one feature (property, parameter) to another. Thus, in the "chain COMPLEX" the structural center may be completely absent. Particular concrete elements can enter into a relationship with each other, bypassing the central element or pattern, and therefore may not have anything in common with other elements, but nevertheless belong to one "chain COMPLEX", since they have a common feature with some another element, and this, the other, in turn, is connected with the third, and so on.
      The transition from one structurally organizing center of thinking to another takes place according to a completely random, probabilistic logic, and it is at the point of this probabilistic transition (or in a series of these poorly motivated, probabilistic transitions) that what we call scientific discovery.

Figure 15. "CHAIN COMPLEX".

      5.8. “DIFFUSE COMPLEX” is a sign that associatively combines individual specific elements and “COMPLEXES”, as it were, diffuses, becomes indefinite, spilled, vague, as a result of which a complex is formed that unites, with the help of diffuse, indefinite connections, visually - specific groups of images or objects.
       The researcher, for example, to a given sample - an object with a feature (property, parameter) "A" - selects not only objects with a feature (property, parameter) "A", but also objects with similar features (properties, parameters) "-A +", as they remind him of the features (properties, parameters) "A" of the modified initial object. Further to the features (properties, parameters) "-A+" of the object, derivative features (properties, parameters) "--A++", "---A+++", etc. can adjoin.
      Just as here the form, taken as the main feature, spills and becomes indefinite, different features (properties, parameters) also sometimes merge. But after all, the ability to think in blurry, approximate, fuzzy outlines is the ability that fundamentally distinguishes heuristic thinking from thinking focused on the available forms of knowledge and understanding, and in this way the fundamental unlimited possibilities of expansion and inclusion in the main genus (type, class) can manifest themselves. more and more new, but completely specific objects. The limitless "COMPLEXES" generated by creative people often amaze with the universality of the connections they unite.

Figure 16. "DIFFUSIVE COMPLEX".

5.9. “PSEUDO CONCEPT COMPLEX” – is formed by the researcher whenever he selects a number of objects to the given sample that could would be selected and combined with each other on the basis of some abstract concept.
For example, a researcher to a given sample - an object with a feature (property, parameter) "A" - selects all the objects in the experimental material with a feature (property, parameter) "A". Such a group could also arise on the basis of abstract thinking (the concept or idea of an object with a sign (property, parameter) "A"). But in fact, as the study shows, the researcher combined objects on the basis of their specific, factual, visual connections, on the basis of simple association. He built only a limited "ASSOCIATION COMPLEX"; he came to the same point, but went in a completely different way.

Figure 17. “PSEUDO CONCEPT COMPLEX”.

      5.10. Any theoretical thinking, as scientific studies have shown already in the 20th century, is based on a certain "IMAGERING LINING" - the totality of what could be called "INTELLECTUAL IMAGERY". Any genuine understanding does not begin at all at the “CONCEPTUAL” level, but at the level of intuitive grasp of the “IMAGE OF UNDERSTANDING”.
      and only through “personal figurative structures” ascends to the “essence of the actual concept”. Moreover, although the "IMAGE" does not have the accuracy and clarity of "CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES", it has a "HUGE POTENTIAL OF HEURISTICITY".
      There is no universal universality of the "CONCEPT" in this "FIGURE LINING", but there is a coiled spring of huge cognitive interest, functioning according to the laws of inaccurate, approximate, vague, incorrect thinking - thinking in "COMPLEXES" .
      At first, thinking is characterized by "COMPLEX" thinking with a predominance of "PSEUDO CONCEPTS" (which corresponds to the boundaries of concrete - operational thinking), and only then do "CONCEPTUAL" structures develop (a stage of formal operations arises) , "thinking in CONCEPTS", while the formation of a new system is completed.

At first, thinking is characterized by 'COMPLEX' thinking with a predominance of 'PSEUDO CONCEPTS' (which corresponds to the boundaries of concrete operational thinking), and only then do 'CONCEPTUAL' structures develop (the stage of formal operations arises), 'thinking in CONCEPTS'.

Figure 18. First, thinking is characterized by 'COMPLEX' thinking with a predominance of 'PSEUDO CONCEPTS' (which corresponds to the boundaries of concrete - operational thinking), and only then do the actual "CONCEPTUAL" structures develop (the stage of formal operations arises), "thinking in CONCEPTS".

5.11. Based on the concepts of thinking in L. Vygotsky's complexes and J. Piaget's operational thinking, it is possible to create a software package that will help the researcher and neural networks create new “CONCEPTS” in various areas of human activity. (See Fig. 19).

Possible structure of successive stages of the software package based on the concepts of operational thinking by L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget.

Figure 19. Possible structure of successive stages of the software complex, based on the concepts of thinking in L. Vygotsky's complexes and operational thinking of J. Piaget.

5. According to L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget: Thinking and speech, Thinking in complexes (a set of logical deductive, inductive and other TEMPLATES), Operational theory of intelligence, Genetic epistemology, Cognitive development, ...

5. According to L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget:
Thinking and speech,
Thinking in complexes
(a set of logical deductive,
inductive and other TEMPLATES),
Operational theory of intelligence,
Genetic epistemology,
Cognitive development, ...