4. (4.2.4. - 4.2.12.) According to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/:
    General information about
    the evolution of the brain, principles of its
    functioning, the reasons for the manifestation
    of genius, the triplicity of consciousness and
    the complexity of modeling the brain.
    According to Hermann Haken (1927-2024):
    models of biological
    SYNERGETIC (SELF-ORGANIZING)
    PULSE ANALOG COMPUTERS
    (Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)
    possessing the ability to flexibly adapt their configuration to
    the requirements of the problem being solved, as well as, change
    operating modes associated with the participation of certain biochemical
    substances in the process, when exposed to various internal or external factors).

      4.2.4. Transfer of functions (morphofunctional) fields and subfields (responsible for specific functions) of the neocortex during the life of an individual to other fields, in case of damage.

      4.2.5. Modeling the variability (modulation) of signals between neurons.

      From the standpoint of normal physiology, the nervous system is considered an excitable tissue:
      it is capable of changing the transmembrane potential difference upon stimulation, and in some cases spontaneously.
      A single neuron is in a continuous process of bioelectrogenesis.
      Registration of neuronal activity shows a continuous change in basic electrophysiological processes:
      resting potential, action potential, postsynaptic potentials (PSP): excitatory or inhibitory.
      There are no other sources of the electric field in the brain except neurons.
      The work of the brain is determined by the joint functioning of neural ensembles, and not by the activity of single neurons.

      Electronic, quantum or biological model of signal modulation between neurons is not implemented in artificial neural networks.

      The closest thing in NN AI to the model of signal modulation between neurons is the architecture of the NN `KAN` which implements the movement of fixed activation functions based on the statistical coefficients of neuron weights from neurons to the edges of a neural network, where each parameter of the statistical coefficient of weight is replaced by a one-dimensional function parameterized as a spline (a `flexible template` - a trainable nonlinear activation function based on neural connections).

      This approach to modeling flexible neural connections based on an electronic (or other) signal carrier may be close to the process of transmission and modulation of chemical signals by a variety of different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in biological synapses of living organisms.
      The complexity of such modeling is primarily associated with the need to create an accurate, deterministic mathematical model of the functioning of a biological synapse of a living organism, in which it is necessary to take into account all its possible states, depending on input parameters.
      In the case of retrograde neurotransmission in the synapse, and this process is the reverse propagation of the signal (through the diffusion in the opposite direction of chemicals and compounds - neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the synaptic cleft), the output parameters of the synapse become the input parameters.

      In chemical synapses, to transmit a pulse signal (the process of neurotransmission), various amounts of substances - neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (the latter can slow down the action of fast-acting neurotransmitters) - are released from the membranes of presynaptic nerve endings (dendrites).
      Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are released from synaptic vesicles of the presynaptic membrane of the dendrite, in response to the appearance of an action potential on the membrane of the dendrite (depolarization of its membrane), diffuse through the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors, causing changes in the postsynaptic membrane of the dendrite (depolarization of its membranes).
      Vesicles are small bubbles found in synapses that contain a variety of substances: hormones, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters, of which there are dozens of types.
      During neurotransmission, these combinations of simple and complex substances, in varying volumes and proportions, are released from synaptic vesicles to transmit a modulated signal chemically.

      Neurotransmitter receptors are protein complexes located on the cell membrane.
      It is their nature that determines whether the effect of a particular neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory.
      If receptors are constantly stimulated by neurotransmitters or certain drugs, their sensitivity decreases;
those receptors that are not stimulated by neurotransmitters or with their chronic drug blockade, they become hypersensitive (open receptors).
      These processes greatly affect the development of physical dependence.
      The receptor and neurotransmitter interact like a key and a lock, or like puzzle pieces, and this triggers a signaling cascade - the cell (neuron) `understands` what it was told.
      Narcotic substances, caffeine and alcohol are also capable of attaching to neurotransmitter receptors.
      The brain cannot be forced to do anything, it can only be deceived, distracted by some all-consuming activity, and then all stressful situations or negative dependencies will be devalued.
      Then neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymes or absorbed by neurons - these processes control the duration of the signal transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron.
      It is these processes that some pharmacological drugs act on to treat, for example, depression.
      For example, classic antidepressants are inhibitors of the reuptake of the neurotransmitter - serotonin.
      They do not allow serotonin (neurotransmitter) to quickly disappear from the contact site, prolonging its effect on neurons.

      Intercellular interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) are very complex. An impulse from one neuron to another can go from:
      - axon to cell body;
      - axon to dendrite;
      - cell body to cell body;
      - dendrite to dendrite.

      A neuron simultaneously receives a huge number of impulses - both excitatory and inhibitory - from other neurons, and combines these signals into various discharge patterns.

      Sometimes signals between neurons pass in the opposite direction (so-called retrograde neurotransmission).
      In such cases, the dendrites (receiving branches of a neuron) of postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on presynaptic neurons.
      Retrograde transmission can prevent presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and connections between neurons.

      There are substances that act as both neurotransmitters and hormones.
      A hormone is a substance secreted by endocrine glands that affects the tissues (cells) of the body.
      Hormones are responsible for global processes in the body, such as growth, puberty, ...
      A neurotransmitter is a substance secreted by a neuron to transmit a signal, most often to another neuron.
      Hormones are biologically active substances produced by the cells of the endocrine glands (endocrine glands).
      From there they enter the blood and are carried by the bloodstream to target cells and tissues.
      There they bind to specific receptors and thus regulate metabolism and many physiological functions.

      To work with a minimum of energy expenditure, the brain has internal mechanisms that force a person to search for answers to various questions via an iPad on the Internet, to act according to the patterns offered by society or to implement one of the 3 main `baboon` drives, and not to think with high energy expenditures in the associative zones of the neocortex.
      And for this purpose, the limbic system of the brain produces such endogenous substances as:
      — Endogenous opioid peptides ,       Happiness hormones: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, etc.
      The brain's opioid peptide system plays an important role in the formation of motivations, emotions, behavioral attachment, reactions to stress and pain, and in the control of food intake.
   — Endocannabinoids are cannabinoids produced by the human body.
      Endocannabinoid system (ECS) helps the body cope with anxiety and physiological responses to various forms of stress.
      The body produces endocannabinoids during strenuous exercise, inflammation, stress, and related conditions.
      These signaling molecules activate the ECS immediately after they are detected by the body's cannabinoid receptors.
      Chemical classification of hormones.
   — Endogenous alcohol : this is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is formed in the body under the influence of biochemical processes and is concentrated in the cells of internal organs and tissues.
Its content in the blood does not exceed 1 mg/l , depends on the nature of the food consumed and the presence of certain pathological conditions.

      Various social institutions have been using methods of managing and manipulating people for centuries, offering them the least energy-consuming for the brain, ready-made algorithms (templates) of behavior.       (A social institution is a historically formed or purposefully created form of organizing the joint activities of people aimed at satisfying human needs and society, regulating people's behavior by establishing rules).

      When executing ready-made solutions (proposed algorithms), the brain consumes a minimum of energy (9%), and the endogenous substances released by the limbic system give a feeling of satisfaction, which is used to control the masses of people. State systems, religious cults, social communities are built on this, ...

      Neurotransmitters are responsible for local processes in the body - they initiate rapid signal transmission between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle.
      The most common neurotransmitters belong to one of two types - excitatory and inhibitory.
      The first type - those that excite the next neuron (if one neuron in the chain is active, the next one will be too).
      The second type inhibits neighboring neurons.
      There are also neuromodulators — they do not simply transmit an excitatory or inhibitory signal, but change the neuron's susceptibility to such signals.

       Neurotransmitters (1) , neurotransmitters (2) , currently, include 4 groups of substances:
      - amino acids;
      - peptides;
      - monoamines;
      - purine nucleotides.

      There are up to 24 main neurotransmitters (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/).
(The total number of neurotransmitters is unknown, it is assumed that there are more than 60.
Despite such diversity, these agents can be divided into two large categories: low molecular neurotransmitters and neuropeptides).

      4.2.6. Numerous connections between neurons in the neocortex (one neuron has 1 axon and up to 30,000 (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/: 100,000 - 1,000,000) branching dendrites (primary and secondary)), which is significantly greater in the number of connections compared to artificial neuron models in artificially created NN AI. (On the branches of the dendrites there are 5,000 to 10,000 synapses, each of which connects to similar synapses of other neurons. In total, there are more than 100 trillion synaptic connections in the brain).

      4.2.7. Complex 3D configuration (architecture) of connections in each neuron in the neocortex, which is different from the simpler 2D configuration (architecture) of layer-by-layer connections in artificial models of neurons in artificially created AI NNs.

      4.2.8. The neocortex contains two main types of neurons: pyramidal neurons (the main excitatory neurons of the mammalian brain, also found in fish, birds, reptiles) (~70%-80% of neocortical neurons) and interneurons ((intermediate, intercalary, associative) are mediators between sensory and motor neurons) (~20%-30% of neocortical neurons).

      4.2.9. In the NN AI there are no emerging desires and supporting intermediate results, namely:

      - There are no analogues, as in humans, of the emergence of various desires:
aspirations, intentions, readiness, interest, wishes, will, interest, expressions of will, passions, dreams, attractions, desires, urges, determination, hopes, thirst ... (hints, tasks, `orders` from the `customer` do not apply to `desires` NN).

      - There are no analogues, as in humans, of various reinforcing intermediate results:
joy, happiness, enjoyment, contentment, pleasure, satisfaction, fun, entertainment, honor, delight, gratitude, satisfaction, respect, joy, game, buzz, advantage, luck, bliss, jubilation ...

      That is, the functions of the most ancient (and therefore evolutionarily perfect), inherited by man from monkeys are absent - the limbic system.
      The limbic system of the human brain is a neurohormonal center morphologically formed in the process of evolution, responsible for a set of mental processes and phenomena that are not included in the sphere of consciousness of the subject - the unconscious (which includes the instinctive-hormonal mechanism of regulating behavior, involuntary (unconscious) movements and actions).

      - There are no analogues, as in a person, the presence of a moment of uncertainty of his state, associated with `arbitrary thinking` (stochastic, probabilistic, random), which allows a person to realize social or biological `freedom of choice`, the concept of indeterminism (incompatibilist theories) - `Free Will`.

      Example: A. Evolutionarily, the limbic system of the brain developed primarily to meet the biological needs of the body.
As a result, innate forms of behavior or animal instincts appeared.
      For example, amygdala complex - the center of aggression.
      An important protective department in the brain is considered to be the stress center, or paired nucleus - the amygdala.
      We owe it to the formation of emotions when receiving this or that information.
      The amygdala plays a key role in the formation of emotions, in particular fear.
      The reaction of the amygdala is the second name of the amygdala - can be caused by a sudden change of environment.
      The amygdala (lat. corpus amygdaloideum), amygdala is an almond-shaped area of the brain, located in the white matter of the temporal lobe of the hemisphere under the shell, approximately 1.5–2.0 cm posterior to the temporal pole.
      There are two amygdalae in the brain, one in each hemisphere.

      The limbic system of the human brain is evolutionarily quite conservative and weakly subject to variability, as a consequence of this, its biological adaptation to changed conditions of the internal/external environment is difficult.

      Associative areas (zones) in the human brain, in which the processes of conscious thinking are carried out, are located in the neocortex, but, there are also associative centers outside the neocortex, which play an important role in `unconscious` associative processes.
      These include the structures limbic system such as amygdala and hippocampus , and also thalamus.

      The association centers of the limbic system of the human brain (as well as the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system) were formed in the process of long-term evolution of animals and contain a variety of experience of biological survival of the individual (this is an inherited, innate, and little subject to change, configuration of neural connections (synapses) in these centers).

      This diverse experience of survival of the individual, in information terms, can be represented as a deterministic set of logical cause-and-effect relationships (semantic network), where for each stimulus-irritant certain responses have already been formed in advance (through natural evolutionary selection) - the emergence and propagation of a certain number of Action Potentials ('Spikes') on the membranes of bodies, dendrites, synapses, axons, in the involved neurons that spread to the innervated organs and systems of the body.

      In this case, activation of the functioning of the innervated organs and systems of the body can occur (for example, certain endogenous substances can be released or the necessary muscles of the body can contract), which is necessary for the adaptation processes to the stimulus-irritant.

      In a specific situation that is uncomfortable for an individual, for example, threatening its existence, this ancient innate experience can manifest itself externally in the form of various instincts and unconditioned reflexes.

      In general, the limbic system of the human brain is a morphologically formed neurohormonal center in the process of evolution, which is responsible for a set of mental processes and phenomena that are not included in the sphere of consciousness of the subject - this is the sphere of `the unconscious` (which includes the instinctive-hormonal mechanism for regulating behavior, involuntary (unconscious) movements and actions, the influence of the association centers of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system on the processes under consideration is not excluded).

      Modern studies of parts of the human body show that they have their own partially autonomous neural networks, which can be classified as specialized associative centers that provide control and monitoring of the normal functioning of the corresponding internal organs, endocrine and external secretion glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, smooth and partly striated muscle tissue.

      These unconscious (`unconscious`) associative processes in the body occur in the `background` mode, and play a leading role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis), as well as in the adaptive reactions of all vertebrates.



















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      Self-awareness (pseudo-awareness, `biological awareness`) is found in many animals, but not all species have a tendency towards social life, since this is associated with the size and structure of the associative centers in the brain.

      Unconscious attraction (psychologists attribute this phenomenon to the `unconscious` area of brain activity) is formed in the limbic system (in this case, the corresponding endogenous substances are released), which is an innate part of the brain that determines innate instincts and makes up 10% volume of the entire brain.

      Unconscious attraction is based on an unmotivated animal principle: `I WANT something`.

      There are 3 main biological (or `animal`, `monkey`) drives, which are formed by the limbic system, and these are: food, reproduction, dominance (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/):

      - The need for food is determined by the biological necessity to maintain the body's vital functions, as well as by physiological and psychological (for humans) factors.

      - The need for reproduction (procreation) is determined by a complex set of biological, psychological, and social (for humans) factors. It is based on the basic instinct for the survival of the species in a strategic perspective (and, for humans, also on conscious aspirations).

      - The need for dominance is determined by a complex set of biological, psychological, and social (for humans) factors. It includes an innate evolutionary instinct for survival, the desire to control surrounding resources, compensation for hidden complexes and the need for security, as well as adaptation to social and cultural (for humans) hierarchies.

     ; In society, derivative varieties of these needs (attractions or drives that contribute to the formation of corresponding goal-setting) are manifested: deception, manipulation, fraud, vanity, pride, narcissism, power, violence, slavery, competition in any form, money (love of money), greed, various passions, demonstration of a high level of consumption of goods and services in order to cause envy in the environment, ...
      (If someone `prays` for material success, money, ..., then this means that he `prays` for the realization of some of his biological (or `animal`) needs, which in many religious teachings is usually equated with the negative processes of self-destruction of the socialized personality).

      The manifestation of dominance over the environment is possible only when existing in animal populations or in human communities.

      Example: B. Evolutionarily, in humans, secondarily (also, partially in primates), the associative zones of the neocortex developed to ensure the solution of not biological problems, but social ones, which allowed them to become centers of conscious inhibition of instinctive-hormonal behavior.
      The brain during the evolution of primates increased from 300 g (in monkeys) to, on average, 1300 g (in humans).
      The development of associative zones of the neocortex of the brain ensured high efficiency of human adaptation to external conditions of the environment, which gave him an evolutionary advantage and contributed to the settlement across the entire surface of the planet.
      The frontal lobes of the brain emerged as a tool for reducing social aggression.

      The evolution of the body and brain in humans proceeded separately from each other, therefore biological needs and social needs very rarely coincide.
      The development of `emotional intelligence` became necessary for the communication of primates when primates united into communities.
      Social instincts in primates (animals), when they exist in a population, are instilled to a minimal degree, but in a person, who is positively brought up from childhood in a human community, they can be clearly expressed.
      The neocortex performs mainly non-biological tasks and occupies approximately 80% of the brain volume in humans.

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      (Consciousness (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/) is a speculative term coined by psychologists to explain what they cannot explain.
      Human consciousness (type 2 - social) can be thought of as a process of analysis with self-assessment (with self-reflection) of internal subjective experience and a process of analysis with an assessment of a person's interaction with the real world.
      (As an analysis and assessment of events occurring (or having occurred, or which are likely to occur): in one's own life and in the outside world, and, further, a report on these events with a probable response to these events)).

      In psychology, consciousness as subjective experience is the conscious, actual experience of an individual, which includes sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and experiences that form an internal model of the surrounding world.
      This experience is unique to each person, as it is determined by their individual characteristics, sensory systems, and life activities, ensuring orientation in the world and self-regulation.

      A more precise definition of the 3 types of consciousness:

      ● The 1st type of awareness (biological / animal) includes:

      - The ability to perceive various sensations through the senses (arising from various influences of the surrounding world and the internal environment of the body);

      - The presence of previous (biological / animal) subjective experience from various sensations (in the form of a set of informational "images" of various sensations);

      - The ability to compare new information "images" of sensations with those already stored, which can lead to the emergence of certain emotions and feelings (through the release of endogenous substances by various parts of the body), depending on previous subjective experience (positive, neutral, or negative);

      

      

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      With regard to the intellectual part of human thinking, graphic primitives (dots, lines, arrows, geometric shapes, etc.), based, among other things, on Type 1 awareness, can act as external "supports" for verbal communication, unloading working memory and translating abstract ideas into visual images. They help the brain more quickly structure information and find solutions. In the visual arts, the creation of various works involves the use of a wide variety of graphic primitives.

      A. How it works in practice:

      External memory and unloading: Complex mental operations require the retention of many elements. Using graphic primitives allows you to shift some of the workload from your brain to a piece of paper or screen.

      Structuring ideas: Using cognitive graphics allows you to link textual information and relationships between objects into a single diagram.
      (Cognitive graphics is a set of techniques and methods for visually representing problem conditions, which allows you to either immediately see the solution or receive a hint for finding it).

      Spatial thinking: Transforming mental constructs using basic shapes activates visual perception and intuition.

      B. Functions of Basic Elements:

      Dots and nodes represent specific entities, concepts, or key steps.

      Lines and arrows visualize cause-and-effect relationships, direction of thought, and logical transitions.

      Geometric shapes (circles, squares) group information into categories or reflect hierarchy.

      C. Examples of Operations:

      Thinking Operations: Synthesis; Abstraction; Analysis.

      Graphic Primitives: Arrows connecting blocks; Dots and lines; Inscribed shapes.

      Use Examples: Integrating ideas in a flowchart; Creating a relationship graph or mind map; Dividing a whole into parts in the form of a Venn diagram.

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      - The presence of functioning unconditioned (innate) reflexes / instincts - their minimum set necessary for the initial survival of the organism;

      - The ability to develop and reinforce new conditioned reflexes / instincts in order to adapt the body to changing external / internal conditions environment;

      - Possibly non-verbal communication (exchange of information and emotions without the use of words, through facial expressions, gestures, posture, gait, sounds (screams, intonations, hisses, clicks, howls, the croaking of crows, the melodic singing of birds, ..., signaling the current state or location of an animal (signals are concrete, not abstract)), smells, personal distance, mating dances of birds, dances of insects - which are complex communication systems used to convey information about resources, navigation and threats, ...);

      - Possibly primitive verbal (sound) communication (through shouts, singing, clicks, during training - imitation of human speech), while the signals are always very concrete, and not abstract, and signal a certain situation or their state.

      - In the first type of awareness under consideration, primitive self-reflection may possibly be carried out, which is based on previously stored subjective experience (subjective experiences), arising from various sensations in the process of life activity, which are stored in the form of a set of models of informational "images". Such self-reflection may arise in the process of partial or complete sensory deprivation (isolation from current sensory sensations).

      (A set of sensations, for living organisms, in the form of stored models of various informational "images", through a change in the cytoarchitecture (number and configuration of synapses) in neurons included in the involved parts of the limbic system, the central nervous system (CNS) or the associative centers of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), may include:

         ░ visual (in the light range, expanded: in the infrared range, in the ultraviolet range);

         ░ auditory (infrasound, sound, ultrasound);

         ░ olfactory (perception of an object through the spread of its particles through the air);

         ░ gustatory (taste buds of the tongue are microscopic projections of the mucous membrane containing taste buds that perceive sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami (umami is a sensation caused by amino acids (glutamic acid, inosinate and guanylate), which enhance the taste of dishes and harmonize it; umami is not just a taste, but a "conductor" that improves the taste of other products, softening bitterness and sourness); in total, there are 4 types of papillae: fungiform, grooved, foliate and filiform, and the latter are responsible for touch, not taste.);

         ░ tactile (tactile, pain, temperature);

         ░ vestibular (sense of balance and position in space, acceleration, sensation of weight);

         ░ proprioceptive (body awareness, kinesthetic sensations);

         ░ interoceptive (internal sensations, from a variety of receptors located in internal organs, muscles, skin, joints, bones, ...; these receptors transmit signals to the brain that allow us to feel cold, satiety, itching, heat, nausea, pain, fatigue, tension, excitement and even emotions);

         ░ magnetoreception is the sensation of the direction of the Earth's global magnetic field (the strength is from 0.3 to 0.6 oersted); Many animals have magnetoreception: birds, butterflies, whales, fish, sharks, some rays, cartilaginous fish, lobsters, turtles, mollusks, red foxes, wood mice, mole rats, mole rats, bats, honey bees, fruit flies and even bacteria; For example, birds may be assisted in this by a specialized sensory protein (there are several controversial hypotheses);

         ░ electroreception is a sensation that allows one to detect changes in the intensity of an external electric field (some species of cartilaginous fish, in particular sharks and rays, have special sensory organs on their heads—the ampullae of Lorenzini—which are responsible for detecting very weak changes in the intensity of an external electric field; the sensation of electroreception is based on the principle of polarization of dielectrics, where an external field creates an ordered movement of charges, which is recorded by sensitive receptors)).

      (In humans, Type 1 awareness is based on the limbic system of the brain (the system of neurohormonal centers: the emotional-motivational center), which is part of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as on partially autonomous associative centers (partially autonomous local neural networks (nerve nodes - ganglia) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and spinal cord), which provide "background" management and control over the normal functioning of: internal organs, body systems, sensory perception and motor skills).

      Creating artificial models of the human brain's limbic system and at least some relatively autonomous "association centers" of organs (body systems) formed during evolutionary processes is a rather complex task.

      Biological "association centers" located outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), are ganglia—nerve nodes that form relatively autonomous local neural networks.

      They are clusters of neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers, and glial cells surrounded by a connective tissue capsule.

      "Association centers" have the ability (when exposed to new stimuli) to learn and remember, which is expressed in the adaptation of neural networks "association centers" (controlling and managing the functioning of:
internal organs, body systems, sensory perception and motor skills), to changed operating conditions, through changes in the cytoarchitecture (number and configuration of synapses) of the neurons that comprise them.

      The problem remains to be solved with understanding the biological concept of various physical sensations and their artificial modeling (temperature, cold, hunger and thirst, satiety, pain, pleasure, smells, touch, tactile sensations, ...).

      During the process of pseudo-life activity and interaction of the AI system with the outside world, through various physical sensations, Subjective Experience can be formed in the form of stored models of "images" of these sensations.

      At the same time, one can expect the emergence of pseudo-biological reflexes (conditioned and unconditioned) and instincts in the system AI.

      And, manifestations of the ability of AI systems to carry out primitive pseudo-biological self-reflection based on stored models of "images" of various sensations that were experienced in the past.

      The main models of stored information "images" are visual and acoustic; but, for many representatives of the animal world, such models of stored information "images" as olfactory, tactile, gustatory, ..., are also important; by analogy with the animal world, the manifestation of non-verbal communication is expected (exchange of information and emotions without the use of words, through facial expressions, gestures, posture, gait, sounds (screams, intonations, hisses, clicks, howls, the croaking of crows, the melodic singing of birds, ..., signaling the current state or location of an animal (signals are concrete, not abstract)), smells, personal distance, mating dances of birds, dances of insects - which are complex communication systems used to convey information about resources, navigation and threats, ...).

      Also, future AI systems that use pseudo-receptors to perceive various pseudo-sensations or save models of "images" of these pseudo-sensations various pseudo-BIOLOGICAL functions must manifest themselves:

      "pseudo-sensations or saved models of "images" of these pseudo-sensations → pseudo-needs to repeat or avoid these pseudo-sensations (promote the development of conditioned reflexes) → pseudo-drives → pseudo-goals → pseudo-values → ..." (related to the 1st type of awareness).

      ● The 2nd type of consciousness (social) includes:

      - The development of positive "social instincts" in an individual (based on positive social subjective experience), which are "instilled" from childhood, in the process of life, upbringing and education.
      "Social instincts" can manifest themselves provided that these processes occur in a harmonious, benevolent, transparent, honest, trustworthy, responsible, preferably intellectually developed and positively minded social environment;

      - The presence, already in an adult, of previous positive social subjective experience in the form of various experiences (conformism, altruism, compassion, feeling empathy, empathy, harmony, trust, positive humor, logic, combinatorics of elements/structures/functions, ...);

      - Self-reflection (thought processes are based on information (various subjective experiences) that was previously stored as a linked set of "images" of various sensations, emotions, feelings, experiences/models of abstract knowledge, patterns, meanings, ..., and such a process of human thinking can be carried out separately from physical sensations (sensory information);

      - Developed verbal communication (through oral or written speech, using words, linguistic constructs, and signs through which thought operations with abstract concepts can be carried out).
      In verbal communication, "text primitives" (letters, syllables, or basic semantic units) serve as the "building material" for thinking, activating associative connections and transforming abstract meanings into new words through cognitive operations.
      (Associative connections are the process of combining individual concepts, facts, or images in consciousness based on their similarity, contrast, or adjacency. They underlie our memory, imagination, and creative thinking).
      (Cognitive operations are basic thought procedures (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization), from which form perception, memory, and decision-making. They help the brain process information, navigate the surrounding world, and adapt to change).

      The mechanism by which "text primitives" participate in thinking is the process of word formation in consciousness, and it includes several stages:

        A. Activation of semantic nuclei: Thinking relies on "text primitives" as a universal structure. Basic elements evoke associations and cognitive structures in consciousness.

        B. Analogy and Combination: Consciousness seeks correspondences and combines predicates to describe NEW OBJECTS. As a result of the operation of compression or expansion of meaning, a neologism is formed.
      (A neologism is a word, meaning, or phrase that still retains a hint of novelty and has not entered the active everyday vocabulary of a language).

        C. Formation of a subject code: Thought is translated into the internal code of the language, where primitives play the role of emotional-semantic markers.
      (An emotional-semantic marker is an element of a statement or behavior that indicates the speaker's personal attitude toward the subject of speech, expressing their hidden needs, emotions, or degree of involvement).

      (In humans, the 2nd type of consciousness is based on the developed structures of the associative areas of the brain's neocortex).

      With positive "pseudo-socialization" for the AI system, and its acquisition of "Social Subjective Experience" ("Social Subjective Experiences" through active interaction with members of society, community, ...), the development of SOCIAL is possible:
      "pseudo-requirements to/from society, community → social pseudo-needs → social pseudo-drives → social pseudo-instincts → social pseudo-goals → social pseudo-values → ..." (related to the 2nd type consciousness).
      At the same time, one can expect the manifestation of complex social self-reflection (using verbal communication: description of abstract models of objects and processes (Cause-Effect Relationships) occurring in the past, present, or future, through words and grammatical constructions; manifestation of various emotions, feelings, and experiences).

      ● The 3rd type of consciousness (creative thinking, ingenious thinking, inductive thinking, arbitrary thinking, ...) includes:
      - Work with abstract models of subjective experience of the 2st and 1nd types (mental work with abstract elements of structures: random and inductive selection of elements / principles of functioning, clarification, classification, search for similar features, generalization, linking, transformation, forecasting, ...);
      - A state of positive psychological flow (this is a mental state of complete involvement, productivity and pleasure, in which a person is completely immersed in an activity, losing a sense of time and self-awareness; this is the key A concept of positive psychology developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi that enhances creativity, motivation, and overall well-being);
      - The creation of new structures/elements/operating principles that have not yet been discovered in the surrounding world or society.
      (In humans, the 3rd type of consciousness is based on the developed structures of the associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex of the brain (informational "images" of various sensations of a biological nature (biological subjective experience), which relates to the 1st type of awareness, can participate as stimuli ("catalysts") to activate creative thinking).

      When the AI system appears:
      "pseudo-needs / pseudo-drives / pseudo-instincts / pseudo-goals / pseudo-values / ..." - of a pseudo-biological and pseudo-social nature, INDEPENDENT aspirations to achieve certain goals can be formed.
      For such a personalized AI system (pseudo-personalities), in achieving its goals, the use of the physical concept of "fundamental randomness" can play a significant role. This can be realized in the form of spontaneous generation of various "fantastic" models of Cause-Effect Relationships, which can carry within themselves already mastered principles of functioning of structures from areas of human activity unrelated to the problem under consideration (of course, with a subsequent stage of testing for compliance with their feasibility in real life) world).
      Thus, in AI systems, the 3rd type of consciousness (creative) can manifest itself, which is characterized by an arbitrary (non-deterministic, stochastic) thinking process:
      creative / brilliant / inquisitive / probabilistic / inductive / ...

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      There are also more "vague" definitions of consciousness and intelligence:

      Consciousness is the highest form of mental activity, a state of awareness of oneself and the surrounding world, a subjective experience of events, including thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and the ability to self-control and reflection. This is a complex mechanism that allows a person to comprehend reality, make plans, and form an understanding of themselves and their place in the world, closely linked to the brain, speech, and thinking.

      Intelligence (from the Latin intellectus - understanding, cognition) is the complex mental ability to learn, adapt to new situations, understand and apply abstract concepts, and use knowledge to solve problems and manage the environment, combining sensation, perception, memory, thinking, and imagination. It is not limited to logic alone; there are different types (logical, emotional, social, etc.) and levels (fluid and crystallized), and its quantitative assessment is often expressed through the intelligence quotient (IQ).

      Key aspects of consciousness as subjective experience:

      - Personal character:
      Subjective experience is given to a person directly and is his unique experience, which cannot be fully shared with others.

      - Internal model of reality:
      Consciousness allows a person to build an internal, and not just an external, model world, reflecting its properties and patterns.

      - Functions:
      It provides orientation in the environment and the ability to self-regulate behavior.

      - Self-awareness:
      An important function of consciousness is self-awareness, that is, self-awareness, which allows a person to reflect on themselves.

      - Result of activity:
      Subjective experience is acquired and realized in the course of learning about the world, in communication, and various types of activities.

      - Connection with the body:
      The subjectivity of perception is determined by the properties of the human body and its sensory systems.

      Examples of manifestation Consciousness:

      - Sensations and Perceptions:
      When you feel pain or see a bright color, this is your subjective experience.

      - Emotions and Thoughts:
      Feeling joy or fear, as well as thinking about the past day are also elements of your subjective experience.

      - Acceptance decisions:
      Conscious choices based on your personal beliefs and assessments are an example of subjective experience in action.





      In the waking state (when consciousness is active), new neural connections are continuously formed (synaptogenesis) in the morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the neocortex, which changes the cytoarchitecture of neurons, and leads to a change in many operating programs of the corresponding neural structures (analog computings of Action Potentials (`Spikes`)).

      At the same time, at the moments of work according to the mastered deterministic algorithms (deductive thinking activity), the rate of spontaneous appearance of new neural connections (synapses) in each neuron is 3-4 pcs. per day.

And, accordingly, a slow and spontaneous formation of RANDOM CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ("unhurried fermentation of thoughts"), loosely connected with the surrounding reality, occurs, which can help identify analogies between disparate facts and processes from different areas of knowledge previously mastered by a person (a finite set of random neural connections (synapses) arises).

     The state of self-awareness is most active when a person is awake and relaxed or performs some actions "automatically", in accordance with previously learned algorithms, without the need to invent or master anything new.
      At the same time, in a number of parts of the neocortex, neural connections (synapses) are formed slowly and spontaneously.

     That is, this process is characterized by the most active state of self-awareness, and it is associated with the slow / undirected / spontaneous formation of neural connections (synapses) in a number of parts of the neocortex during wakefulness.

      Such spontaneous formation of neural connections determines the possibility of making non-deterministic (ambiguous) decisions by a person (RANDOM CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS), and this process is the cause of the emergence of "free will" - a person's ability to make choices without coercion (modern AI systems don't have this).

      Further, in adequately thinking people, the rational (logical) component of thinking can already be "switched on" (in the associative zones of the neocortex), which compares these suddenly emerging "fantasies" (at first glance, irrational RANDOM CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS) with CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS existing in the real world (or in proven scientific theories), making a logical conclusion about their truth (feasibility) or falsity.

      At the same time, the formation of a new neural connection (synapse) is a temporary micro-event: it is an instantaneous local phenomenon that occurs at a unique moment in time, in a unique location in the neocortex (the cytoarchitecture of one neuron (or two neurons) changes, and a new pathway (through a new synapse) for the propagation of Action Potentials (`Spikes`) appears, which changes the analog computing algorithm of one (in the case of the appearance of a new synapse between two of the neuron's dendrites) or two neurons).

      A sequential of such micro-events, during wakefulness (but not in a "flow" state), (including a single impulse propagation of an Action Potential (a "Spike") through a new synapse, similar to a single beat of a clock pulse generator (a clock frequency generator), which is designed to synchronize various processes in digital devices, or, similar to a single beat counted by a "metronome - a beat counter" in musicians), forms the individual's timeline of self-awareness (the subjective "sense of time"), which allows them to coordinate their actions or external processes in time, and, even calculate the duration of their future actions or external processes, comparing this temporal duration with similar, already completed ("reference") time periods.







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      If, however, in certain morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the neocortex, a process is carried out aimed at solving some new problem (sensory, sensorimotor or intellectual), then new neural connections (synapses) are formed according to Hebb's rule, in the amount of 30-40 pieces. per day for each involved neuron.

      When awake, during periods of pondering a complex task or mastering complex biomechanics of movement, a person is predominantly in a state of "flow."

      When a person is deeply immersed in some process and forgets about everything else (loses the subjective "sense of time"), his neural connections (synapses) are formed at an accelerated pace in accordance with Hebb's law in the involved areas of the neocortex.

      "Flow" in psychology is a state of high concentration in which a person is intensely immersed in an activity, which often leads to optimal Productivity.

      This concept was first explored by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who identified specific criteria necessary to achieve "flow."



      In the "flow" state, in the weakly involved parts of the neocortex, neural connections (synapses) form spontaneously and even more slowly (due to reduced blood flow and poor oxygen/nutrient supply).

      In this case, self-awareness functions "in the background" (the subjective "sense of time" is lost), allowing a person to simultaneously perform actions according to previously mastered "algorithms," practically "unconsciously," which leads to the absent-minded, unpredictable behavior of such people.

      In the parts of the neocortex that are captured by the state of "flow" (and these parts are characterized by increased blood flow and excellent supply of oxygen/nutrients), an intense, inductive (guiding) associative process occurs, which, after some indefinite periods of time (alternating periods of thinking and rest), can end in a rational optimization of the configuration of neural connections (synergy).

      In this case, there will be a transition from quantity, when part of the chaotic set of synapses moves from the area of greater scale, to quality, to the area of greater functionality, forming an ordered structure from part of these synapses.

      Such functionality of the structure of neural connections (synapses), is achieved during moments of rest (sleep), by disconnecting (losing) some synapses, which, with each mental iteration (during periods of wakefulness, of course) leading to clarification of the solution to the problem, cease to be activated or are rarely activated (Action Potentials (Spikes) stop passing through them).

      This allows us to `calculate` (find) a solution to the problem using new, optimized for solving this problem, analog programs for calculating Action Potentials (Spikes), based on the optimal configuration of synapses (optimal cytoarchitecture of the neurons involved), which consists of the remaining, frequently used in the search for a solution to the problem, `active` synapses.

      Such an intensive process of synaptogenesis, when solving a new problem, is due to the fact that in certain areas of the neocortex involved in solving the problem, blood flow increases (which can be observed with tomography), and, this intensive blood flow carries with it an increased amount of oxygen, nutrients and minerals, thereby promoting the intensive growth of many dendrites in the neurons involved, with the subsequent formation of many synapses in this area of the neocortex.

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      As a result, we can simply identify the main modes of functioning of the brain's neocortex. The transition between these modes can be influenced by various endogenous (secreted within the body) and exogenous (entering the body from outside) substances, as well as some psychological factors:

      ● During wakefulness (during rest or when working according to mastered algorithms ("automatic")), a slow and spontaneous growth of dendrites of neocortical neurons occurs (with the formation of new synapses (fastened with "molecular glue")), and the ability to connect relatively distant areas of the neocortex appears.
      In this mode, different areas of morphofunctional fields and associative areas can be connected by relatively "distant," "strategic" neural connections.
      Thus, a new neural connection is randomly connected to some relatively "distant" part of the neocortex, where the configuration of neural connections determines information about the Cause-Effect Relationship model from another area of ​​human activity (this model reflects the meaning or operating principle of some macro- or micro-structure from the real world).

      And, then, the potential opportunity arises to transfer the operating principle of the model Causal Relationship (reflecting a structure from the real world) from the "distant" region of the neocortex, onto the emerging model of Causal Relationship based on the spontaneously grown dendrite/synapse in question (a type of logical inference - traduction (analogy)).
      Thus, information that is determined by the configuration of neural connections of the "distant" part of the neocortex (determines information about the functioning of any structure from the real world), can be used to form a model of Causal Relationship from another area of ​​human activity or scientific knowledge.

      (The model of a single Causal Relationship is expressed in logic through "The Rule of Production", for example:
      If a SUBJECT INFLUENCES an OBJECT with such-and-such a property (this is the Cause),
      Then such-and-such a property changes in the OBJECT (this is the Effect).
      In the case of a transductive transfer of the operating principle of a single Cause-Effect Relationship model to another single Cause-Effect Relationship model, the "static" elements—SUBJECT and OBJECT—are substituted with new ones, and only the "dynamic" element of the relationship—is transferred— IMPACT).

      (Analysis, specification, verification with the aim of the real possibility of implementing the operating principle of another model of the Cause-Effect Relationship (reflecting the structure from the real world), will already be carried out at another stage, in the "flow" state.
      In this mode, new dendrites / synapses will grow from the "strategic" dendrite in question, and will form new synapses according to Hebb's rule, creating a new local configuration of neural connections, adapting to create a new model of the Cause-Effect Relationship, with new SUBJECT and OBJECT and the "old" IMPACT, copied from the "distant" model of the Cause-Effect Relationship Connections).

      In the mode under consideration ("not a flow," but a random, "strategic" "fermentation" of thoughts), nothing concrete is invented (a random "fermentation" of thoughts, ideas in the "background," perhaps from the realm of "fantasy" - only vague contours are outlined) and self-reflection and self-awareness are most active.

      Then, in a state of positive psychological "flow," these "long-distance, strategic" neural connections can be of significant assistance in solving the problem.

      These "long-distance" connections can help find the necessary Analogies from other fields of knowledge (Cause-Effect Relationships), allowing thought to go beyond the boundaries of the field of knowledge in which the typical solution to the problem was located.

      (Here it is, an unexpected creative solution, an invention, a discovery, as surprised outside observers would say).

      So, this mode of quasi-creative "idleness" (and, it can include: running, swimming, digging a garden, picking mushrooms, fishing, sailing, staring at the ceiling, chatting with friends and just random people, ...) is very common among writers, artists, sculptors, athletes, ballerinas, scientists, engineers, composers, chess players, ... and other "creators" even important.

      ● When awake (in a state of positive "flow", a mental state in which a person is completely involved in what he is doing, which is characterized by active concentration, full involvement in the process of activity) - there is a rapid and directed growth of dendrites of neurons of the neocortex according to Hebb's rule (with the formation of new synapses, and they are temporarily held together by "molecular glue", here "tactical" (close, short) neural connections appear), mainly in active morphofunctional fields and associative areas.

      When functioning in a positive psychological "flow", concentration appears, concentration on a new problem - there is a concretization and implementation (successful or not) of fantasies, dreams, scientific/engineering developments, possibly involvement in various games or the development of new movements (biomechanics), ...

      In the biological analog neural network under consideration, the configuration of neural connections determines the stored information.

      Simplified considering the structure of two relatively closely spaced primary dendrites with a branched network of secondary dendrites and synapses at their ends (on some), we can notice that both many and few common neural connections (synapses) can form between them.
      And these common local synapses should be considered as one parallel distributed SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION in a structure consisting of two primary dendrites.
     (Note: the structure under consideration may also consist of dendrites of different levels of branching; simplification is introduced for a better understanding of the local parallel distributed SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION).

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      The number of neural connections (synapses) between any two dendrites form a parallel-distributed SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION, which has its own statistical weight.
      The statistical weight of the parallel-distributed SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION is also affected by modulation (multiplication or reduction) of the number of impulses of the electrical ACTION POTENTIAL (`SPICE`) in any chemical SYNAPSES, which depends on EMOTIONAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL (NORMAL or PATHOLOGICAL) FUNCTIONING PARTS OF THE ORGANISM) OF A person's STATE, determined by endogenous substances secreted by the limbic system and other parts of the body.
      In chemical synapses, Spike modulation can also be influenced by exogenous substances entering the body from the outside, for example, with food, drink, through injections, with breathing.
      In chemical synapses, unidirectional signal conduction is realized and its signal time delay is 0.2-0.4 ms.
      During the day and night, the number of synapses in such a SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTIONS can change: some will be synthesized (and strengthened), while others, on the contrary, (weak) will degrade, and, accordingly, the statistical weight of such a SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION will differ.

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      The process of synthesizing new neural connections depends on the intensity of local synaptogenesis, which is associated with the concentration of the thinking person's attention in this area of the neocortex (a greater number of Action Potential impulses (Spikes) arise on the membranes of the involved dendrites, and, here, Hebb's law begins to work), as one of the consequences, a change in local blood flow occurs (which delivers "building materials" for new dendrites and synapses: oxygen + nutrients).

      In the case of concentration / intense reflection on a problem, in a certain part of the neocortex, where models of Cause-Effect Relationships (meanings, knowledge) have already been formed, In some explicit or implicit way related to the problem being solved, blood flow increases, and, accordingly, synaptogenesis increases, which leads to the formation of multiple local neural connections (synapses), which, in a set of structures consisting of pairs of local dendrites, form SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTIONS proportional to the statistical weights of these connections.

      Now, the Action Potential (Spike) transmitted to the membrane of the first dendrite will be propagate non-decrementally along its membrane, and sequentially diverge along the membranes of the branching dendrites it encounters along the way.

      Next, it will propagate non-decrementally (and unidirectionally) through synapses (here, chemical modulation in synapses by endogenous or exogenous substances must be taken into account) along the membranes of the branching secondary dendrites that are connected to the second dendrite in question in the local structure.

      The process of signal modulation in a chemical synapse begins with the appearance of a (single) Action Potential (Spike) on the presynaptic membrane. Subsequently, endogenous substances (neurotransmitters, neuromodulators) of various types and in varying quantities are released from the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. Some exogenous substances can also have an effect.

      Over time, the above substances are removed from the synaptic cleft, and during this period of time, while the substances are in the synaptic cleft, a certain number of action potential impulses (Spikes) appear on the postsynaptic membrane.

      As a result, a signal is released on the membrane of the second neuron under consideration. dendrite, an irregular sequence of Action Potential (Spike) impulses arises, which spread without decrement along the membrane of the second dendrite, to the junction with the subsequent dendrite.

      The greater the number of impulses (with an irregular sequence) of Action Potential (Spikes) that appear on the membrane of the second dendrite in question, when a single Action Potential (Spike) appears on the first dendrite, the greater the combined statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION between the first and second dendrites in question.

      An action potential (Spike) in physiology is a short-term (peak-shaped, followed by low-amplitude relaxation oscillations) oscillation of potential on a cell membrane that accompanies excitation in nerve or muscle cells.

      For example, if the body is in a healthy, relaxed, awake state (conditionally reference), then when a single action potential (Spike) appears on the presynaptic membrane of a single unidirectional chemical synapse, a number of sequentially propagating Spikes appear on its postsynaptic membrane (the sum of these sequentially occurring Spikes is denoted as (Spike) Sn = s1 + s2 + ... + si),
      (where "n" - is the serial number of a single, parallel neural connection (synapse) between the two dendrites in question, which is part of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION,
      "i" - is the serial number of the Action Potential (Spike) impulse on the postsynaptic membrane in a single, parallel neural connection (synapse) between the two dendrites in question, which appear in response to a single Action Potential (Spike) impulse on the presynaptic membrane of the synapse).

      Let's assume that between two arbitrarily chosen dendrites, at a given moment in time, there are five parallel synapses.

      Now, let's roughly consider how the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION of the two dendrites in question will change, depending on other states of the organism:

      - The state of normal functioning of the organism (certain endogenous substances are released in the calculated amount), the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION is proportional to the sum of the number of impulses of Action Potentials (Spikes) with n = 5 parallel synapses, sequentially transmitted to the second dendrite under consideration:
      (S1) + (S2) + (S3) + (S4) + (S5) = 5*∑Sn, is directly proportional to W.
      (where, S1 = S2 = S3 = S4 = S5 = Sn,
      "W" - is the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION between the two dendrites under study, expressed as the number of successively occurring Action Potentials (Spikes) on the membrane of the second dendrite (in response to the appearance of a single Spike on the membrane of the first dendrite))

      - The organism is in a state of stress (certain endogenous substances are released in huge quantities), the statistical weight SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION is proportional to the sum of the modulated (multiplied, multiplied (from the Latin multiplicatio - increase, reproduction)) number of Action Potential impulses (Spikes) with n = 5 parallel synapses, sequentially transmitted to the second dendrite under consideration:
      (S1 + S1 + S1 + S1 + S1 + S1) + (S2 + S2 + S2) + (S3 + S3 + S3 + S3) + (S4 + S4 + S4) + (S5 + S5 + S5 + S5 + S5) = 5*∑Sn = 21*Sn, is directly proportional to W.
      (where, S1 = S2 = S3 = S4 = S5 = Sn,
      "W" - is the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION between the two dendrites under study, expressed as the number of successively occurring Action Potentials (Spikes) on the membrane of the second dendrite (in response to the appearance of a single Spike on the membrane of the first dendrite))

      - The body is in a painful, pathological state state (certain endogenous substances are secreted in insufficient quantities), the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION is proportional to the sum of the modulated (reduced, decreased quantities) number of Action Potential impulses (Spikes) from n = 5 parallel synapses sequentially transmitted to the second dendrite under consideration:
      (S1) + (S2) + (S3) + (S4) + (S5) = 2*∑Sn, is directly proportional to W.
      (where, S1 = S3 = S4 = 0, S2 = S5 = Sn,
      "W" - is the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION between the two dendrites under study, expressed as the number of successively occurring Action Potentials (Spikes) on the membrane of the second dendrite (in response to the appearance of a single Spike on the membrane of the first dendrite))

      - Other states of the body, such as various stages of sleep, intoxication, the effects of various drugs and exogenous substances, also require research in the context of changes in the statistical weights of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION proportional to the sum of the modulated numbers of Action Potential impulses (Spikes) from "n" parallel synapses, sequentially transmitted to the second dendrite under consideration:
      (∑S1) + (∑S2) + ... = n*∑Sn, is directly proportional to W.
      (where, S1 = S2 = ... = Sn,
      "W" - is the statistical weight of the SUMMARY UNIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL CONNECTION between the two dendrites under study, expressed as the number of successively occurring Action Potentials (Spikes) on the membrane of the second dendrite (in response to the appearance of a single Spike on the membrane of the first dendrite))

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      In other, unused areas of the neocortex, at the same time, an even more slow and spontaneous growth of the dendrites of the neurons of the neocortex occurs (with the slow formation of new synapses, temporarily held together by "molecular glue"), since their blood supply with oxygen, carbohydrates, minerals, ... is significantly weakened, due to the redirection of blood flow to the active areas of the neocortex (and, in fact, in them, rapid growth of dendrites with the formation of new synapses).

      Self-reflection and self-awareness are practically switched off and can only be activated by a signal from some stimulus (trigger) that interrupts the "flow."

      (For example, Norbert Wiener, the "father" of cybernetics, was unable to recognize his own daughter, whom his wife sent to tell him her new address when he returned to the old one after work).



      ● Sleep, slow stages (NREM) - (transitional stages 1 and 2 also mean something (for self-hypnosis / hypnosis), we skip them) 3rd stage: deep sleep (delta sleep) - ensures the restoration of the body (the neuroglymphatic system of the brain removes waste, products of biochemical reactions of neurons, in particular). 3rd stage: the most important for restoration, tissue regeneration, hormonal regulation and strengthening the immune system.
      Self-reflection/self-awareness is disabled.

      ● Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep - (paradoxical) - a time of vivid dreams ("test runs of solving similar problem analogies in various unusual, fantastical ways"):
      Optimization of neural connections occurs (disconnection of rarely used synapses), to move from the large-scale set of neural connections ("sketches for a solution to the problem"), to their greater functionality ("to a precise solution to the problem" - "the puzzle is complete!"). (The structure of Cause-Effect Relationships has been formed, which is modeled by a new configuration of neural connections (synapses) (changed cytoarchitecture of the involved neurons)).
      Self-reflection/self-awareness is practically disabled, but sometimes, in a very vivid dream, it can "break through" due to, for example, the terror experienced in the dream, or from the awareness of the inability to move a leg or arm in a dreamed critical situation, and then a person may suddenly wake up.
      Brain activity is similar to wakefulness, but the muscles are paralyzed (except for the diaphragm), so we do not move in our sleep. The most vivid and realistic dreams occur.

      (One sleep cycle:

      - Begins with stage 1 NREM, moving to stage 2, then stage 3.

      - Return to stage 2.

      - Transition to REM sleep (rapid eye movement) sleep).

      - Then the cycle repeats, but with a decrease in deep sleep and an increase in REM sleep.

      (Sleep stages are divided into two main phases - slow wave sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM), which alternate cyclically throughout the night, ensuring the body's restoration.
      Slow wave sleep consists of three stages: (1.) drowsiness, (2.) light sleep, and (3.) deep sleep (delta sleep), while REM sleep (paradoxical) is the time of vivid dreams.
      The cycle lasts about 90-110 minutes, repeating 4-5 times, with deep sleep predominating in the first half of the night, and REM sleep in the morning.

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      In normal dreams, self-reflection is practically absent: the areas of the brain responsible for critical thinking and self-control are deactivated, so a person accepts absurd plots as reality.

      However, in a state of "lucid" sleep, a person understands that he is dreaming and is able to control his actions and thoughts.

      Key features of self-reflection in In a dream:

      - In a normal dream: There is no self-reflection, no critical assessment of what is happening.
      You don't ask yourself the question "Who am I?" or "Am I dreaming?", and the logical inconsistencies of the plot are smoothed out by unconscious mental processes.

      - In a "lucid" dream: Partial self-reflection is activated.
      This phenomenon is scientifically proven and usually occurs during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep.
      You are aware of what is happening "here and now", you can evaluate your emotions, analyze the environment and change the dream scenario.
      In a "lucid" dream, you understand that you are sleeping, but your consciousness remains active (critical evaluation is present).
      You can simulate reality: fly, change the environment, or summon specific people.
      Such dreams can last from a few minutes to an hour.
      You can delve deeper into the phenomenon with the help of popular science literature, for example, Stephen LaBerge's classic book, "The Practice of Conscious Dreaming" Dreaming."
      Immersion requires regular practice. The most popular methods are:
          a) Reality test: Make it a habit to ask yourself several times a day: "Am I dreaming or awake?"
     Check, for example, whether the text on the clock is legible (letters can float in a dream).
          b) Keeping a dream diary: Write down your dreams immediately after waking up.
      This trains your memory and helps Find recurring images (triggers).
          c) MILD (Mnemonic Induction): When waking up at night, repeat to yourself: "The next time I fall asleep, I will realize I'm dreaming." Visualize your lucid dream before falling back asleep.

      - After waking up: Full reflection occurs after you open your eyes, when you begin to analyze the images and emotions from the night visions.

      Research shows that this separation is associated with the activity of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, which during standard sleep plunges into "sleep mode."

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      In fact, consciousness (according to https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/) is a by-product of evolution, which first appeared in the form of the need to reduce aggression, by the appearance of excitation in the associative zones of the brain, inhibiting the activity of the limbic system and suppressing the basic 3 biological needs of the body.
      And all this with the goal of generally acceptable coexistence in the primate population (for example, the need to share food with non-relatives so that next time your `colleagues` will also share with you).
      Consciousness in primates gradually manifested itself through self-awareness in the population, and then in the human community.

      Then, this evolutionary feature was transformed into the ability to think rationally, logically and invent all sorts of useful and, conversely, destructive technologies.

     (For example, sharing food or other benefits with members of society, sharing valuable information with members of society, engaging in labor or other activities for the benefit of society, and all this with the goal of satisfying one’s biological needs, and then social ones, at the current moment in time or in the future).
     Social, human experiences and feelings: empathy, sympathy, compassion, harmony with the environment, beauty, love, trust, humor, ... - this is the result of a very long and severe evolutionary selection.
      It was in the process of human social evolution that huge frontal areas were formed, which inhibit animal aggression and allow maintaining social relations within the population, as well as sharing various material and immaterial benefits with unrelated individuals.

     And, this is a gigantic evolutionary acquisition of humanity, and a derivative of this evolutionary acquisition, this is precisely empathy (compassion) and others, which without social instincts, fixed in childhood, will not work (!!!innate social instincts do not exist!!!).

      Further development of association zones of the neocortex in humans was aimed at the development of logical thinking, the assimilation of abstract knowledge and the operation of it, with the aim of more effective adaptation in society, the extraction of various benefits, the creation of new ideas, ...
      That is these areas of the brain began to be used for rational thinking, which can create ideas that create, or, conversely, destroy the surrounding world.

      The process of rational thinking that occurs in the association areas of the neocortex may be based on:
      - some social material or non-material motivation (joy from acquired goods, or, conversely, experiences associated with loss), such intermediate social motivations, all the same, at their core have a ‘masked’ biological (animal) basis, and this is any of the 3 above-mentioned drives generated by the limbic system;
      - `compulsory` order: `I MUST do this and that`.

      The frontal lobe contains inhibitory areas that distinguish humans from animals (associative, motor, speech zones).
      These are associative areas (zones) that inhibit human behavior if it is similar to the behavior of an animal.
      Associative areas do not react in any way to forced electrical stimulation, unlike motor and speech areas (which control the muscles of the larynx, etc.), which react to forced electrical stimulation by contracting the corresponding muscles of the body.
      It has been experimentally established that brain activity in the motor areas allows for more effective consolidation of new knowledge in the associative areas.

      The limbic system, by influencing the neocortex with various hormones (endorphins and other endogenous substances that cause euphoria in humans), seeks to subjugate the rational part of the brain - association zones of the neocortex, since the functioning of the limbic system is much less energy-consuming for the brain than the active functioning of the association areas of the neocortex.
      Biological evolution is the triumph of procrastination (laziness).
      The brain cannot be forced to do something just like that, so it can only be `fooled` by setting a biological goal that can be achieved in a short period of time.
      Life is a continuous struggle: either you deceive the brain, or the brain deceives you.
      There is a constant struggle - biological tasks versus social ones.

      The brain categorically does not want to work, because this sharply increases the body's energy costs, so it prefers to deceive, steal, imitate (based on the limbic system), but never to do anything related to thinking (based on the neocortex).

      It is energetically beneficial for the brain to be a `baboon` and not to include the rational part of the brain in work, and not to include the rational part of the brain - to act according to the developed behavioral `patterns`, receiving a reinforcing reward in the form of endorphins and other endogenous substances released.
      Endorphin is a group of 20 similarly structured peptide hormones (neuropeptides) that the body uses as a natural painkiller.
      They are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in response to pain or stress to maintain the body's efficiency and performance.
      Endorphins dull unpleasant sensations and give a feeling of well-being.
      They are also produced when a person laughs, falls in love, or eats delicious food.
      In the peripheral nervous system, endorphins bind to opioid receptors, which leads to a decrease in pain.
      In the central nervous system, they stimulate the production of dopamine - a hormone that motivates and gives a feeling of satisfaction. There is a wide variety of endogenous substances (see above).

      In the area of the frontal lobe (association areas) of the neocortex, where the processes of rational activity of the brain occur, processes of conscious inhibition of animal instincts (behavior) can occur, which come into conflict with the influence of hormones of the limbic system.


      In the neural connections of the neocortex fields, information about various memories, knowledge, experiences, skills, social interactions is distributed and stored...
      The balance between the functioning processes of the limbic system and the rational processes in the associative areas of the neocortex constitutes the duality of human consciousness
(or the balance between hormonal-instinctive, unconscious behavior (`like monkeys`) and the rational activity of a person).

      The balance of the system of biological instincts and the system of social instincts (traditions) that were instilled in childhood.
      These two systems constantly collide with each other.
      The brain is designed in such a way that one part of it is monkey-like, and the other is rational.
      On the one hand (and this is the legacy of primates), a person wants to become the main `baboon` in the `baboon paradise` - to be rich, beautiful, live in Hawaii, have many slaves, etc., and on the other hand there is a social system of relations (it is brought up from childhood, copied from the family and environment).
      Because of this, a person behaves dually, being in a state of constant comparison of social obligations and instinctive desires.
      You want to do one thing, you are forced to do another, and neither the first nor the second works out.
      This is especially evident in adolescence.
      And this duality does not depend on anything (neither on wealth, nor on anything ...)
      All theological concepts that teach that there is hell and there is heaven are built on this duality of consciousness, so make a choice between two opposite sides of existence.

      An illustration of such extremely dual behavior is the Gothic story by the Scottish writer Robert Stevenson "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" 1886, which had a number of film adaptations, television versions, theater productions and musicals, and later, similar plots lines appeared in literary works and scripts by other writers.
      Robert Stevenson's prototype of the main character was the famous Scottish criminals who led a double life: Thomas Weir and William Brodie, and the general background was urban legends and the historical landscapes of Edinburgh.
      In the above cases, fluctuations in the psychological state (behavior) of the individual are traced from the animal, instinctive-hormonal phase (which is formed by the limbic system), to a rational human one (determined by the processes of rational thinking in the associative areas of the neocortex), and vice versa.

      In a more expanded understanding of the types of consciousness, https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/ identifies 3 realizations of consciousness (which are present in most people in varying proportions):

      Primary `pseudo-consciousness` (biological `awareness`): is based on the limbic system. It is found in reptiles, animals, primates.
      This is the most ancient `pseudo-consciousness` (biological `awareness`), which was formed in the process of evolution of species over hundreds of millions of years.
      Determines the form of hormonal-instinctive, unconscious behavior - food, (reproductive - in different species of organisms, begins at different ages), dominant.
      Those who possess only primary `pseudo-consciousness` (biological `awareness`) are subject to pedagogical treatment with great difficulty, or do not subject to it at all, since the neocortex is not sufficiently formed for normal functioning.
      (It is the main one for human children under 7-9 years of age (since the formation of the neocortex, by this age, only reaches the initial level of functioning), and, subsequently, the influence of primary `pseudo-consciousness` (biological `awareness`) on human behavior depends on the processes surrounding him in the family and society, as well as on the degree of development of his secondary and tertiary consciousness).

      Secondary consciousness: is based on certain fields of the neocortex, in particular, on the developed associative areas of the brain.
      In the process of human life, social instincts are formed in the associative areas of the brain.
      Secondary consciousness is present in people and is characterized by rational logical (deductive) thinking (type - a `functionary` adapting to the conditions of existence, a socialized conformist with developed social instincts).

      It can be used to obtain various material and non-material benefits, primarily those required by its limbic system (in society, these requirements are transformed into derivatives: money, power, cooperation for subsequent benefit, ...), and internal reinforcement of imaginary or real success is a reward in the form of the release of certain endogenous substances.
      Image consumption, imitating one’s own greatness, is not a creative activity in itself.

      Often, to achieve these goals, in honest and not very ways, various manipulations of public opinion are used.
      The main occupation of the `Functionarys` is to strengthen their dominance in society, and for this they need constant growth of their own career and the career of their descendants, accumulation of material resources, demonstration of a high level of consumption, demonstration of their importance and the level of power achieved, development of the `necessary` official and social connections, competitive struggle for benefits, mandatory organization of rest from `backbreaking` work, and, despite such a level of employment, there is still enough time and abilities to imitate vigorous official activity.
      `Functionarys` are `masters` in the field of social instincts, as well as in simulating creative processes, using for this purpose the combination of outside ideas and technologies (the same combinatorics are used in games such as chess, checkers, backgammon, go and the like).
      Being unable to create something truly new, they try to engage in licensed or unlicensed copying of other people's developments - reverse engineering , presenting the results as `supernova` innovations.





      (In human children, starting from the age of 7-9 years, certain fields of the neocortex can remember, operate and apply various knowledge, skills, experience, social instincts, ..., which indicates the emergence of secondary consciousness).

      Tertiary consciousness: is based on certain fields, increased in size neocortex, possessing an increased degree of variability (active and frequent change of a large number of neural connections in certain enlarged fields of the neocortex, is a sign of a tendency to genius in any sphere of human activity - the ability to think arbitrarily).

      A long-term evolutionary choice has determined the priority task of the brain's work - to support the functioning of only the limbic system of the brain, because its functioning is energetically more advantageous (occupies only 10% of brain volume) than the energy-consuming work of the neocortex, and provides such a necessary and stable biological / animal / instinctive / unconscious vital activity of the body.
      Therefore, the owners of tertiary consciousness receive endorphins and other endogenous substances from the limbic system so that the cells of the neocortex are not active (`were happy, went on vacation, became lazy and rested from work`) and do not produce very energy-consuming rational (deductive) and creative (inductive, `suggestive`) activity in solving non-biological problems.
      But, in some strange way (a kind of `deception` of the limbic system, through `distraction` to the work of the motor, olfactory, tactile or auditory centers of the neocortex), in those with tertiary consciousness, certain fields of the neocortex are not `switched off` (not deactivated) from an excess of `happiness`, and, being in a state of `euphoria`, continue rational (deductive) and creative (inductive, `suggestive`) activity, when solving non-biological problems.
      In this state of `joy, happiness, creative euphoria and loss of the subjective "sense of time"` in the association areas of the neocortex, both intermediate results arise and final ideas are generated that have not yet existed in human society or in nature.

      Hyperspecialization of individual parts of the brain responsible for various types of `genius` are structures where hormonal-instinctive, unconscious behavior generated by the limbic system is suppressed, but the state of `joy, happiness, creative euphoria and loss of the subjective "sense of time"` is preserved.
      This effect is achieved by processes of conscious inhibition of animal (`baboon`) instincts, in the associative areas of the brain.
      Associative areas of the neocortex can be `distracted` and disinhibited, to maintain motivation to engage in voluntary thinking, if the motor areas of the brain are working intensively in the background, and, also, their work `distracts` the limbic system from fulfilling the 3 main biological needs (desires).
      That is, you can force the brain to think in the associative areas of the neocortex when it is not necessary to think at all, for example, when you are enthusiastically engaged in some physical activity or load the olfactory and gustatory areas of the brain with gastronomic delights.
      In the disinhibited associative areas of the brain, abstractions can appear: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and the ability to predict.
      This disinhibition allows combining intense creative (inductive, `guiding`) mental activity in the associative fields of the neocortex, with a state of `joy, happiness, creative euphoria and loss of the subjective "sense of time"`, thereby `deceiving` the limbic system (the necessary (`creative`) endorphins and other endogenous substances are released, and neurons `do not go to rest`, but on the contrary, increase their activity, and, thus, the overall energy expenditure of the brain increases).
     (Endorphins are this is a group of 20 peptide hormones (neuropeptides) similar in structure, which the body uses as a natural painkiller. Other endogenous substances are also released (see above)).

      Due to such a quantitatively large and frequent variability of the architecture of neural connections, mood swings due to `saturation of endorphins and other endogenous substances`, and, conversely, `lack of endorphins and other endogenous substances`, `geniuses` may have a structural predisposition of the brain structure to an unstable psyche, eccentric antics.
      Tertiary consciousness is characterized by an arbitrary (inductive, `suggestive`) type of thinking, and these people are capable of creating ideas that have not yet existed in human society or in nature.
      But the recognition and implementation of new ideas in society often experiences difficulties.

      Society, during periods of its stable existence, carries out artificial social selection, which consists of excluding from society the most aggressive (with inadequate, irrational, animal, `baboon` behavior) and the too smart (who can reasonably criticize, not grovel, and also propose changes), with the goal that only well-managed social conformists remain in society.
      In the conditions of a stable society `geniuses`, as a rule, are not in demand (pronounced `creators` with tertiary consciousness, in this situation, do not realize their potential and often become marginal, and pronounced `Functionarys`, with secondary consciousness quickly adapt to existing conditions and are in demand in society, where they perform the functions of maintaining the stability of various processes in society).
      During periods of historical changes in society, to solve non-standard problems, people with tertiary consciousness suddenly become in demand.
      Later, after stability is established in society, people with tertiary consciousness, are again displaced by `Functionarys` with secondary consciousness.
      When displacing people with tertiary consciousness, `Functionarys` use various manipulative methods to discredit the `creators`.
      Another option for displacing people with tertiary consciousness is monotony and boredom from routine, template work, and the creation of such a routine work environment is actively carried out by `functionaries`.

      Based on historical analysis, https://brainmicroscopy.com/en/ substantiated that in a single country, for the normal existence and development of the state, bearers of all types of consciousness (in different proportions) should be represented and work for the benefit of society, whose behavior is predominantly oriented towards:
      - Primary `pseudo-consciousness` (biological `awareness`) - 70%;
      - Secondary consciousness - 20%;
      - Tertiary consciousness - 10%.
      A significant violation of these proportions leads to the emergence of problems in the normal functioning of society (imitation of vigorous activity, without senseful understanding), and, as a consequence, its degradation in various spheres of human activity.

      4.2.10. In NN AI there is no senseful goal setting, as in humans.

      In the process of evolution, all living organisms acquire the instinct of survival, but man, in addition to this, has acquired another instinct, which puts us in a very special position - this is a developed reflex (motor instinct) of achieving a goal.

      Concept "Goal reflex" was first formulated by the physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate of 1904, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 - 1936).
      "The goal reflex" is a reflex or motor instinct that pushes any living being to active actions.
      This reflex means the ability to set goals, followed by a goal-oriented approach to the result.

      According to physiologists, the desire to achieve a goal is initially embedded in every person at the genetic level, but there is another version: the limbic system forms the first goal-setting based on the main 3 biological drives of a person, as the corresponding sections of the brain and parts of the body mature.
      The biological "Goal Reflex" can be strengthened by certain psychological and physical exercises.

      Social and creative "Goal Reflexes" (as the next levels of goal-setting, different from the biological (animal) level) in a person can manifest themselves as certain associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex develop.
      (The question of goal-setting remains `behind the scenes`: creative or destructive)?

      Academician I. P. Pavlov was also the first to formulate the concept of «Freedom reflex».
      «Freedom reflex» is a natural reaction of a living organism to an external influence (stimulus) associated with the restrictions that have arisen, including those associated with the restriction of movement.
      The concept of «freedom reflex» in the upbringing of human children (or, for example, animal training) helps to understand the decisive role of the balance of freedom (excitation) and discipline (inhibition).
________

      So, in humans and animals, primary goal-setting ("Goal reflex" or motor instinct) is formed on the basis of the 3 main biological (animal) drives (food, reproduction, dominance), and is characterized by hormonal-instinctive forms of behavior.
      Instinctive-hormonal forms of behavior (and therefore primary goal-setting), in humans, are controlled by the most evolutionarily ancient limbic system of the brain, through the release of various endogenous substances (for example, through the 4 hormones of "happiness": serotonin, endorphin, dopamine and oxytocin or etc.).
      The limbic system of the human brain occupies approximately 10% of the brain volume and consists of a number of functional parts.

      Social or creative goal-setting (as the next levels of goal-setting, different from the biological (animal) level) are characterized by rational awareness of goal-setting ("Rational striving for a goal").

      But, in social or creative goal-setting, one can always notice the manifestation of some derivative of the main 3 biological (animal) drives (motives), more often in all, these are derivatives of "dominance", for example:
desire for glory (pride), desire for material success (love of money), desire to control the environment (love of power) - to be a "slave owner", desire to demonstrate a high level of consumption of goods and services of the luxury segment, desire to demonstrate superiority in knowledge or skills, ...

      That is, the "Goal Reflex" or motor instinct determined by the limbic system of the brain is veiledly present in these cases, which often manifests itself in the emotional arousal accompanying the goal-setting process.

      In humans, social forms of behavior (not biological, not animal, but social instincts) can manifest/become fixed as the structures of certain associative areas and morphofunctional fields of the neocortex develop normally, and also in the presence of a positive (creative) attitude of the immediate human environment and society as a whole.

      A person, in the process of rational setting of social or creative goals, uses the logical `Production model of knowledge`.
      This model, based on rules, allows knowledge to be presented in the form of sentences (`PRODUCTIONS`) of the type:
      - "If (condition), then (action)",
or,
      - "If (reason), then (consequence)".

      These sentences (`PRODUCTIONS`) are single cause-and-effect relationships, which are equivalent to single senses.
      The logical `Production model of knowledge` is fragments `Semantic network`, based on temporary relations between states of objects (cause-and-effect relationships, or senses).

      The logical `Production model of knowledge` has a drawback: when accumulating a sufficiently large number (about several hundred) of productions, they begin due to irreversibility disjunctions contradict each other (this drawback is manifested when using languages and systems of logical programming, for example: Prolog, Answer Set Programming (ASP), Datalog, ...).

      An analysis of knowledge representation methods in intelligent decision-making support systems.
      Knowledge Representation Formalisms.
      Knowledge representation and reasoning.
      On the problems of representation and propagation of uncertainty in expert systems.

      As you can see, modern NN AI do not set goals for themselves in the form of `Production models of knowledge` (displaying fragments of `Semantic networks` defining various senses).

      The general goal of the functioning of the NN AI, in the form of a mathematical problem of minimizing the objective function of the NN error in each iteration cycle, is determined by:

      1. The architecture/configuration of the NN, specified by the developers of the NN, and not by morphogenetic adaptation of neural connections, as in the neocortex of the brain human.

      2. Initial deep training of the NN on a set of samples of a certain type, which forms an ordered set of statistical weights of the NN neurons, which determine a modified activation function (-template) capable of calculating output data.

      The specific goal/task of outputting the necessary data is set by the user/agent/client of the NN.

      From this it follows that modern NN AI function in such a way that they do not recognize and do not compare/evaluate the senses of processes that for the real world can be expressed in the form of `Production models knowledge`.

      During training, modern NN AI receives only highly specialized, limited information about elements from the real picture of the surrounding world, and not in the form of `Production models of knowledge` (a related set of cause-and-effect relationships).

      This leads to the fact that the NN classifies these elements using statistical methods, builds its compositions of specified formats from them (maybe even with the imitation of some of its own, statistically verified cause-and-effect relationships), but cannot evaluate them for compliance with `common` senses (`Production models of knowledge`, or fragments of an abstract Semantic network containing a set of related cause-and-effect relationships) of the real world.

      Ah, here is a person who in the process of life accumulates knowledge of `common` senses in the form of `Production models of knowledge`, in different directions, can quite easily and quickly compare/evaluate the senses of the processes obtained in the NN responses for their compliance with the processes occurring in the real world.

      Through `Production Rules`, one can express various abstract senses or senses of the real world.

      For example, `Production Rules` can describe the sense of proverbs, fables, jokes, rules, short texts, compress large literary works into a set of `Production Rules`, a set of nested `Production Rules` can describe a complex mathematical formula at a logical level, ...

      For example, `Production Rules` can describe the sense of a natural phenomenon of the real world, an artificially created process in the real world, a social event in the real world, physical or chemical laws of the real world, laws from any area of human knowledge.

      Example. Brief GENERALIZED RULE OF PRODUCTION - THE MEANING OF THE FABLE "The Swan, the Pike and the Crayfish" - Krylov I. A.:

      IF a multitude of mutually exclusive (mutually cancelling) factors (efforts) are used to solve a problem,
      THEN the problem is not solved.

      4.2.11. Some obvious differences between existing models of artificial neural networks and neural networks in the morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the human neocortex.

      ● `Pseudoneuron` of an artificial 2D NN, is presented as a nodal mechanism with the ability to temporarily fix (`remember`) (in training mode) the value of the parameter - statistical weight, and, in simplified terms, is close in functional purpose to the `pseudobody` (`pseudosome`) of a living neuron, without an internal network of `pseudo dendrites` and `pseudo synapses`

      A `pseudoneuron` of an artificial 2D neural network lacks the ability to independently create its own dynamically changing analog computing network of `pseudodendrites` with `pseudosynapses` (creating a uniquely variable `pseudo-cytoarchitecture` for each `pseudoneuron` at each moment in time), which can function in three main dynamic modes, depending on the type of endogenous substances secreted by the individual's limbic system or exogenous substances that can enter the body from outside through drinking, eating, breathing, or various types of injections (transitional, `borderline` or `hybrid` modes of `pseudoneuron` state must also exist):

          A☼ Adapt to new challenges while awake (grow rapidly in a certain direction according to Hebb's rule; in In the subjective perception of an individual, this is a psychological state of positive 'flow'), or,

          B☼ Optimize the network of 'pseudodendrites' with 'pseudosynapses' in some stages of 'pseudo-sleep', to move from the area of greater neural connections ('pseudosynapses') to quality, into the area of greater functionality, which allows one to find or 'calculate' a solution to the problem (by disconnecting unnecessary, 'weak' 'pseudosynapses').

          C☼ Spontaneously, randomly (slowly) grow (in moments of entertainment or work according to already mastered algorithms (`automatically`)) while awake (and this is the basis for the emergence of the `free will` of the individual; Indeterminism is a philosophical view opposite to determinism, which denies universal causality).

     Note on Mode C☼:

      It is possible that during wakefulness in Mode C☼, the disordered growth of dendrites in the neocortex, followed by the formation of random synapses, is fundamentally, at the microscale of atomic sizes, depends on the principle of wave-particle duality, according to which particles have wave properties, and, in quantum mechanics, are described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.



      (Atoms typically range in size from 30 to 300 picometers (0.3 to 3 angstroms), and the sizes of atomic nuclei are even smaller – about 0.83 to 10 femtometers).
      (The diameter of dendrites in the human neocortex varies depending on their type and location.
The basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons, which are the largest, can have a diameter of up to 100 µm (for example, in Betz cells), while other dendrites are usually much thinner.
At the same time, the "main" or "stem" dendrite of a pyramidal neuron can have a diameter of about 2 µm, and its branches are even smaller.
The membrane of a dendrite is a typical cell membrane, the thickness of which is about 7-10 nm (70-100 angstroms).
The diameter of dendrites is not constant and can change throughout life, as well as under the influence of external factors).
      (Tens and hundreds of thousands of `dendritic spines` (4 types) protruding on the dendrites belonging to a single neuron cell are not stationary, but highly dynamic structures - their number can change depending on the functional activity inherent in a given area of the brain's neocortex.
Spines contribute to compartmentalization of a neuron, the degree of which depends primarily on the length of the spine neck.
Telodendria The axons of adjacent neurons (their presynaptic terminals) are connected to dendritic spines via specialized intercellular junction proteins (cadherins), which helps hold them together in a single synaptic contact structure.
The dendritic spine membrane located beneath the nerve terminal is considered postsynaptic, containing a complex of proteins that form the so-called postsynaptic density.

      A, the quantum mechanical uncertainty of reality means that, at a fundamental level, the properties of particles are not clearly defined, and there is an internal, fundamental (true) randomness.



      And, this fact (of fundamental randomness) opens up opportunities for modern quantum computers to simulate a disordered, irrational, indeterministic mode of operation in the C☼ mode, with the goal of simulating the 'pseudo-awareness' of a 'pseudo-individual', and, generating random cause-and-effect relationships (randomly linking existing data from different fields of knowledge).


___

      The theory (or, more precisely, a group of hypotheses of classical mechanics) of Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff ("Orch-OR") suggests that Penrose's "microtubules" (protein polymers) are the structural components of the neuronal cytoskeleton, which act as the site of quantum computations that "generate consciousness."
      The theory suggests that quantum processes occur in the "microtubules" (tubulin proteins), connecting the brain with the "fundamental geometry of the Universe."
      But perhaps there is a simpler explanation for the influence of quantum processes in "microtubules" on the random formation of new synapses (during wakefulness, in C☼ mode).
      This is the emergence of quantum uncertainty (the properties of particles involved in quantum processes are not clearly defined), which creates a fundamental randomness for the disordered growth of dendrites in neocortical neurons.
      Furthermore, there is the possibility of the formation of random synapses connecting "relatively distant" areas neocortex.
      These "relatively distant" areas store information from various fields of knowledge or sensorimotor activity, expressed as the saveing of certain configurations of neural connections (consisting of "strong" synapses (brain cells produce proteins - "molecular glue" that strengthen active neural connections; see details earlier)).
      Such information contains models of individual "images" of objects received from various biological receptors, or, more significantly for developed thinking, models of Cause-Effect Relationships (Production rules are a set of IF-THEN statements that represent knowledge, principles of functioning, meanings), to which the cytoarchitecture of neurons previously adapted.
      Thus, the "disorderly" "macro-" process of changing the cytoarchitecture of neurons denies universal causality (the philosophical view is indeterminism), and can give rise to "arbitrary thinking": irrational thoughts, fabulous assumptions, fantastic hypotheses, ...





      Further, for further rational, `adequate` processing of these new (possibly, for now, irrational) generated Causal Relationships, such a quantum computer ( with error correction, or, a computer built on the traditional von Neumann architecture (Princeton architecture), or, dynamic neuromorphic architecture, or, static neural network, should, upon testing (possibly, theoretical, experimental, or sensorimotor) of these Cause-Effect Relationships for compliance with the real world, exclude all irrational relationships, leaving only feasible, deterministic relationships (its functioning is similar to modes A☼ and B☼)).

      Randomness is a more general philosophical and statistical concept, while the uncertainty principle is a specific physical law that describes the limits of measurement accuracy in the microworld and is a consequence of its wave-particle duality.

      Randomness is the result of an unpredictable event, while the uncertainty principle is a fundamental limitation in quantum mechanics.

      In quantum mechanics, there is The uncertainty principle (or Heisenberg uncertainty principle), which states that it is impossible to simultaneously measure certain pairs of physical quantities with absolute precision, for example, the position and momentum of a particle.

      The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a theoretical limit on the precision of simultaneous measurements of two non-commuting operators observable values. (Operator theory).

      They are valid for both ideal measurements, sometimes called von Neumann measurements (Koopman-von Neumann theory), and for imperfect measurements.

      The more accurately one quantity is determined, the less accurately another can be known, and this is a fundamental property of nature, and not a shortcoming of measuring instruments.

      The Heisenberg uncertainty relations, in their general form, apply to every pair of conjugate variables.

      In general, the lower bound for the product of the "uncertainties" of two conjugate variables depends on the state of the system.

      (Solvay Congress – a conference of paramount importance for the development of science, held from 1911 to the present day every three years (though there have been exceptions) in Brussels by the Solvay Institute of Physics and Chemistry.

     Within the widely, but not universally accepted Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics the uncertainty principle is accepted at an elementary level.

      According to the Copenhagen interpretation, quantum mechanics describes not micro-objects in themselves, but their properties, manifested in macro-conditions created by classical measuring instruments during the act of observation.

     `... The behavior of atomic objects cannot be sharply separated from their interaction with measuring instruments that record the conditions under which phenomena occur...`

      Einstein subjected He questioned the Copenhagen Interpretation when he wrote to Max Born: "God does not play dice."

      Niels Bohr, who was one of the authors of the Copenhagen Interpretation, responded: "Einstein, don't tell God what to do."

      At the fifth and sixth Solvay Conferences, Einstein and Bohr argued about "... whether God plays dice...".

      Einstein was outraged that the quantum-mechanical uncertainty of reality did not fit into his sense of universal harmony, and, For Bohr, it was a debate about freedom, impossible in the totally deterministic world of classical physics. (Bohr and Einstein's Discussion)).









____

      The difference between the operation of a single neuron, as a pulse-analog network processor, and the operation of a digital processor or an artificial neural network, is that each living neuron operates with irregularly occurring pulses (`spikes`) of equal amplitude.

      This variable number of irregular pulses (`spikes`) of equal amplitude arises due to:

      - ionic polarization of the membranes of dendrites/axons, which is characterized by local changes in the electrical potential arising from the movement of ions through them membrane;

      - chemical change (modulation) of the number of impulses passing through synapses;

      - variability over time of the configuration of neural connections (synapses) of a single neuron.

      A single neuron, as a pulse-analog network processor, has:

      - at the `inputs` (membranes of dendrites, many of which end in chemical synapses (or, on membranes axons entering the neuron's body through synapses), a multitude of input impulses - Action Potentials (spikes traveling along the membranes of dendrites to synapses and daughter dendrites);

      - at the `outputs` (the membranes of dendrites that extend from chemical synapses (affecting (modulating), through the release of certain chemicals into the synaptic cleft, the number of outgoing impulses) (or, in total, on the membranes of axons leaving the neuron's body through synapses)), a multitude of `calculated` impulses - Action Potentials (spikes).

      Each A neuron (in the most variable and thought-provoking areas of the neocortex) has a constantly changing configuration of neural connections—chemical synapses located at most of the dendritic terminals (morphogenesis, synaptogenesis, and cytoarchitecture in general), which form the computational pulse-analog dendritic/synaptic network of a single neuron.

      Retraining of the neural network of the human neocortex occurs constantly, due to changes in the configuration of neural connections - synapses (morphogenesis) in the morphofunctional fields of the neocortex, and this is a significant limitation of artificial NN.

      On the membrane of the body (soma) of a neuron, a signal (`Spike`), calculated and received from a dendritic network of changing configuration (morphogenesis), is collected (integrated) for subsequent propagation along the axon.

      ● On the issues of a possible hypothetical manifestation of `awareness` in AI systems:

      In modern AI systems, there are no analogues of the limbic system of the human brain, which provides its biological (animal, instinctive and unconditionally reflexive) awareness of its body and the surrounding reality, and, also, participates in the formation of its emotional state.
      (Sensorimotor skills are the relationship between sensory perception (sensorics) and motor activity (motor skills), the coordination of sensations and movements. It implies the harmonious interaction of the nervous system and muscles, allowing one to control movements and use sensory information to correct them. This is a key process for the development of intelligence and knowledge of the world, which includes the coordination of eyes and hands, hearing and movement, as well as the development of fine motor skills, tactile perception and other senses).

      This factor, at this stage of development of AI systems, excludes the manifestation of pseudo-biological (primary, pseudo-animal) awareness of itself by the AI system as a separate individual.

      The consequence of the absence of a pseudo-limbic system in AI systems is the absence of pseudo-animal instincts, unconditional reflexes and various emotional states, through which the primary level of pseudo-awareness can manifest itself (what psychologists call the `unconscious`).

      The limbic system of the human brain forms exclusively biological (animal) instinctive-hormonal behavior based on the 3 basic needs (drives) of the body.

      In a developed human society, where positive social behavior is encouraged, these 3 basic biological (animal) needs (drives) can be disguised and transformed into derivative varieties (social vices): egoism, deception, manipulation, fraud, vanity, pride, narcissism, lust for power, psychological and physical violence, slavery, bullying, unfair competition, the desire for 'easy' money (love of money, worship of the 'golden calf') at the expense of others, idolatry (worship of new 'idols' in various spheres of life), pathological greed, various passions of a biological nature, the desire to demonstrate a high level of consumption of goods and services (especially the 'luxury' segment), in order to evoke envy of those around you, ...

      ● A set of `pseudoneuronic` connections of one `pseudoneuron` of an artificial NN are an analogue of a set of `pseudoaxons`, connected to the next, near layer of `pseudoneurons`.

      (Differences: in a living neuron one axon (or several) are formed, which transmit the integrated signal to distant, and not to nearby neurons (or innervated organs).

      ● Many `pseudoaxons` of one `pseudoneuron` of an artificial NN do not have `pseudosynapses` - analogues of chemical synapses (`Spike` modulators), as in the axon of a living neuron.

      ● `Pseudoneuron` of an artificial NN does not have any located on most of the endings of dendrites, forming a network of changing configuration (morphogenesis), analogs of chemical synapses (chemical modulators of `Spikes`), and, therefore, cannot transmit or receive through them calculated signals (local `Spikes`) to neighboring, close `pseudoneurons`.

      ● Modulation of the electrical ACTION POTENTIAL (`Spike`) in any chemical SYNAPSE of a living neuron mainly depends on the EMOTIONAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL (NORMAL or PATHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF PARTS OF THE ORGANISM) STATE of a person, determined by endogenous substances secreted by the limbic system and other parts of the body (also, unidirectional signal conduction and its time delay of 0.2-0.4 ms are realized).
      Exogenous substances entering the body from the outside, for example, with food, can also have an effect.

      ● Thus, 3D neural networks in the morphofunctional fields and associative areas of the human neocortex are much more complex than artificial 2D NNs.

      In 2D artificial NNs there are no:
      - Analogues of internal `pseudodendritic` computing networks (with ditochomic division of `pseudodendrites`).
      - Analogues of `pseudo-syapses` (similarly, producing modulation of signals (analogues of `Spikes`) and exchanging a set of computed signals (analogs of `Spikes`) with the nearest `pseudodendritic` computing networks of `pseudoneurons` at the local level).
      - Connections of one `pseudoaxon` with a distant `pseudoneuron` through an analog of a `pseudosynapse`.
      - Analogues of the use of the principles of morphogenesis for `pseudodendrites` and `pseudosynapses`, which would allow for continuous retraining of the neural network.

      4.2.12. Some facts about the human brain, for comparison with existing AI systems:
      The mass of the human brain rarely exceeds 2% of the average person's body mass.
      In humans, the brain's energy consumption of the body's total energy expenditure at rest is 9% (oxygen from 18%), and in the process of intensive thinking it reaches - 25% (oxygen consumption by the entire brain can reach up to 30% of the body's total consumption).
      The human brain produces only about 10-20 watts of constant power (depending on the intensity of its work) - the same as a very dim light bulb.
      There is unevenness in energy consumption by different parts of the brain, and this energy consumption depends on the solution of various types of tasks.
      The ideal ratio between the time periods of intensive brain work and its rest is 1:3.
      For example, 4 hours of total intellectual work with short breaks (which is usually the maximum for the brain) and in total before or after the load - 4 x 3 = 12 hours of other activity (active rest), 8 hours of sleep.
      The need for a long rest of the brain from work is due to the fact that with intensive brain work, its energy consumption increases, the consumption of substances participating in chemical reactions increases, there is an accumulation of some of the non-excreted breakdown products of chemical reactions, there is a need for processes of destruction or redistribution of some neural connections, etc.

      For comparison: Data centers consume a huge amount of resources, including water and electricity.
      AI is one of the most `gluttonous`.
      According to only rough estimates, the amount of energy currently required to support AI services and applications is equal to the amount consumed by the Netherlands.

     AI is projected to consume up to 1,050 TWh per year by 2026, equivalent to Germany's current energy consumption, or more than double its already rapidly increasing rate.
      This threatens to undo what little progress on climate has been made and allow big tech companies to become some of the worst polluters on the planet.
      As a result, big AI companies are turning to nuclear power, and every serious climate scientist has collectively grabbed hold of head.
      Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and xAI are currently the most prominent corporations in the AI space, as they not only develop their own AI, but also build, maintain, and operate AI infrastructure, such as data centers, for both themselves and other AI companies.
      For example, although OpenAI is the largest AI company in the world, it uses Microsoft infrastructure to operate.
      Thus, the vast majority of the AI industry's infrastructure expansion and exponentially growing energy consumption is due to these four companies.

      A server rack supporting AI services is more "gluttonous" than a standard one.
      So, if a rack usually consumes about 4 kW, then in the case of an "AI rack" it can already be 80 kW.
      And there are more than one or two such racks. In large data centers, there are hundreds or even thousands of them.
      Of course, 80 kW is more likely the maximum. Usually the power is less, but still much higher than in the case of conventional equipment.

      The energy generated by the human body is divided into mechanical, thermal and electrical.
      If we take the energy consumption of a person per day as 2500 kcal (the average world value), in standard physical units this will be 10,500,000 joules, which gives the average power of the human body: 100-150 watts, and during sports the power reaches 300-400 watts.

      Nerve cells contain positively charged potassium ions inside the cell membrane, and positively charged sodium ions outside the cell membrane, which have different electrical potentials, which creates a potential difference on the cell membrane (like in capacitors), and it is approximately 70 mV or 0.07 V.
      The membrane resting potential is a deficit of positive charges inside the cell, arising due to the work sodium-potassium pump (or other ion pumps) and (to a greater extent) the subsequent leakage of positive potassium ions from the cell.
      A membrane action potential (`Spike`) is a wave of excitation moving along the membrane of a living cell in the form of a short-term change in the membrane potential in a small area of the excitable cell (neuron or cardiomyocyte), as a result of which the outer surface of this area becomes negatively charged relative to the inner surface of the membrane, while at rest it is positively charged. The action potential is the physiological basis of a nerve impulse.